Category Archives: Food Microbiology Research

Research – Legionella Occurrence beyond Cooling Towers and Premise Plumbing

MDPI

Legionella_Plate_01

Legionella is an environmental pathogen that is responsible for respiratory disease and is a common causative agent of water-related outbreaks. Due to their ability to survive in a broad range of environments, transmission of legionellosis is possible from a variety of sources. Unfortunately, a disproportionate amount of research that is devoted to studying the occurrence of Legionella in environmental reservoirs is aimed toward cooling towers and premise plumbing. As confirmed transmission of Legionella has been linked to many other sources, an over-emphasis on the most common sources may be detrimental to increasing understanding of the spread of legionellosis. This review aims to address this issue by cataloguing studies which have examined the occurrence of Legionella in less commonly investigated environments. By summarizing and discussing reports of Legionella in fresh water, ground water, saltwater, and distribution system drinking water, future environmental and public health researchers will have a resource to aid in investigating these pathogens in relevant sources. View Full-Text

USA – FDA Warning Letter – Sabra Dipping Company, LLC

FDA


WARNING LETTER
CMS #615938

December 1, 2021

Dear Mr. Bergstein:

The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (VDACS) jointly inspected your ready-to-eat (RTE) hummus manufacturing facility located at 15900 Sabra Way, South Chesterfield, Virginia, from April 28, 2021 through May 6, 2021. The inspection was initiated by FDA and VDACS after FDA Investigators collected a sample of Sabra Classic Hummus from retail and subsequent testing revealed the sample contained Salmonella enterica serovar Havana Group G (hereinafter Salmonella Havana). After being notified by FDA on March 26, 2021, you initiated a Class I voluntary recall of your Sabra Classic Hummus product.

During a joint inspection of your facility, FDA and VDACS Investigators found serious violations of the Current Good Manufacturing Practice, Hazard Analysis, and Risk-Based Preventive Controls for Human Food regulation (CGMP & PC rule), Title 21, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 117 (21 CFR Part 117). At the conclusion of the inspection, the Investigators issued you an FDA Form 483, Inspectional Observations. Based on FDA’s inspectional findings, we have determined that the RTE hummus products manufactured in your facility are adulterated within the meaning of section 402(a)(4) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the Act) [21 U.S.C. § 342(a)(4)], in that they were prepared, packed or held under insanitary conditions whereby they may have been contaminated with filth or rendered injurious to health. In addition, failure of the owner, operator, or agent in charge of a covered facility to comply with the preventive controls provisions of the CGMP & PC rule (located in subparts A, C, D, E, F, and G of part 117) is prohibited by section 301(uu) of the Act [21 U.S.C. § 331(uu)].

Additionally, the presence of Salmonella Havana in your RTE hummus products, as evidenced by the laboratory analysis of FDA’s retail sampling, causes your recalled Classic hummus products to be adulterated within the meaning of section 402(a)(1) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the Act) [21 U.S.C. § 342(a)(1)] in that they bear or contain an added poisonous or deleterious substance which may render them injurious to health. You may find the Act and further information about the CGMP & PC rule through links in FDA’s home page at www.fda.gov.External Link Disclaimer

We received your written responses on May 27, 2021 and July 8, 2021, which describe your completed and planned corrective actions. After reviewing the inspectional findings and responses you provided, we are issuing this letter to advise you of FDA’s concerns and provide detailed information describing the findings at your facility.

UK – Prioritising Foodborne Disease with Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis

FSA

This document outlines the methodology and results of a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) used by the Food Standards Agency (FSA) to rank thirteen foodborne pathogens in order of their detrimental effect on UK society.
This overall approach to prioritisation comes off the back of a series of foodborne disease-related estimates produced by the FSA’s Analytics Unit.
The average ranking results show that Norovirus, Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter, Salmonella
and Cl. Perfringens all ranked high in their detriment to society.
E. coliO157, Adenovirus, Sapovirus and Giardia all ranked mid-range and Astrovirus, rotavirus, Cryptosporidium and Shigella all ranked low.
The pathogens were ranked in the MCDA using six different weighted criteria.
The processes of selecting and weighting these criteria are integral to MCDA and occurred through a series of discussions, surveys and workshops that took place over several months and included various teams in the FSA.
The weighting of the criteria was done by senior members of the FSA.

USA – FDA Core Investigation Table Update

FDA

Increase in numbers of cases from Salmonella Javiana, source still not identified

Scotland – FSS launches Christmas food safety campaign

HPS

Food Standards Scotland (FSS) has launched a campaign urging families to be extra vigilant with food safety over the Christmas season, encouraging people to ensure effective safety practices are used to minimise the risk of illness.

The message is being delivered via advertising on social media, radio and on billboards in busy public places, using a series of images showing the ill effects of food poisoning, under the headline ‘Christmas isn’t so magical with food poisoning’.

FSS has also produced a Christmas food safety checklist, highlighting the best ways of reducing the risks of food poisoning.

Research – The Investigation of Mycotoxins and Enterobacteriaceae of Cereal-Based Baby Foods Marketed in Turkey

MDPI

In this study, a total of 85 cereal-based baby foods with or without milk (four different brands; A, B, C, and D) collected from Ankara local markets, Turkey were analyzed for mycotoxins, total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB), and Enterobacteriaceae contamination. Baby foods were analyzed for 12 toxicological important mycotoxins such as aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2; fumonisin B1 and B2; ochratoxin A; sterigmatocystin (STE); deoxynivalenol (DON); zearalenone (ZON); and T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin by LC-MS/MS multi-mycotoxin method. In addition to these mycotoxins, the presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) was investigated in baby foods containing milk. The classical culture method was used for microbiological analysis. Consequently, at least one mycotoxin was detected in 69.41% of the total samples. The most frequently detected mycotoxins were STE (34.12%) and HT-2 (34.12%). However, AFM1 was not detected in any of the baby foods containing milk. Also, TAMB and Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from 30.59% and 10.59% of samples, respectively. As a result, it was determined that the mycotoxin levels in the analyzed samples were in accordance with the mycotoxin levels specified in the Turkish Food Codex.

Research – Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ALB65 Inhibits the Growth of Listeria monocytogenes on Cantaloupe Melons

ABSTRACT

Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that causes high rates of hospitalization and mortality in people infected. Contamination of fresh, ready to eat produce by this pathogen is especially troubling because of the ability of this bacterium to grow on produce under refrigeration temperatures. In this study, we created a library of over 8,000 plant phyllosphere-associated bacteria and screened them for the ability to inhibit the growth of L. monocytogenes in an in vitro fluorescence-based assay. One isolate, later identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ALB65, was able to inhibit the fluorescence of L. monocytogenes by >30-fold in vitro. B. amyloliquefaciens ALB65 was also able to grow, persist, and reduce the growth of L. monocytogenes by >1.5 log CFU on cantaloupe melon rinds inoculated with 5 × 103 CFU at 30°C and was able to completely inhibit its growth at temperatures below 8°C. DNA sequence analysis of the B. amyloliquefaciens ALB65 genome revealed six gene clusters that are predicted to encode genes for antibiotic production; however, no plant or human virulence factors were identified. These data suggest that B. amyloliquefaciens ALB65 is an effective and safe biological control agent for the reduction of L. monocytogenes growth on intact cantaloupe melons and possibly other types of produce.
IMPORTANCE Listeria monocytogenes is estimated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to cause disease in approximately 1,600 to 2,500 people in the United States every year. The largest known outbreak of listeriosis in the United States was associated with intact cantaloupe melons in 2011, resulting in 147 hospitalizations and 33 deaths. In this study, we demonstrated that Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ALB65 is an effective biological control agent for the reduction of L. monocytogenes growth on intact cantaloupe melons under both pre- and postharvest conditions. Furthermore, we demonstrated that B. amyloliquefaciens ALB65 can completely inhibit the growth of L. monocytogenes during cold storage (<8°C).

USA – FSMA Proposed Rule on Agricultural Water

FDA

The FDA is proposing a revision to Subpart E of the FDA Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) Produce Safety Rule that would change the pre-harvest agricultural water requirements for covered produce (other than sprouts). The requirements in this proposed rule, if finalized, would replace the pre-harvest microbial quality criteria and testing requirements in the Produce Safety Rule with requirements for systems-based pre-harvest agricultural water assessments. These assessments would be used to identify conditions that are reasonably likely to introduce known or reasonably foreseeable hazards into or onto produce or food contact surfaces, and to determine whether corrective or mitigation measures are needed to minimize the risks associated with pre-harvest agricultural water.

These proposed requirements are intended to address stakeholder concerns about the complexity and practical implementation of certain pre-harvest agricultural water requirements in the Produce Safety Rule while continuing to protect public health. The requirements also are designed to be adaptable to future advancements in agricultural water quality science.

We are not proposing to change the requirements for harvest and post-harvest uses of agricultural water, or the agricultural water requirements for sprouts.  Sprouts are subject to specific pre-harvest agricultural water requirements, and the compliance dates for those sprouts requirements have passed.

Overview

1. Agricultural Water Assessment

The proposed rule, if finalized, would replace the pre-harvest microbial quality criteria and testing requirements in the Produce Safety Rule for covered produce (other than sprouts) with requirements for systems-based pre-harvest agricultural water assessments to be used for hazard identification and risk management decision-making (see the webpage for the final Produce Safety Rule for a description of the requirements as currently written).  Under the proposed requirements, covered farms would be required to conduct pre-harvest agricultural water assessments once annually, and whenever a change occurs that increases the likelihood that a known or reasonably foreseeable hazard will be introduced into or onto produce or food contact surfaces. As part of their pre-harvest agricultural water assessments, these farms would be required to evaluate certain factors (listed in the link above) that could impact produce safety.

Norway – Imported frozen raspberries probable source of Hepatitis A outbreak

Outbreak News Today

The source of infection for the national outbreak of hepatitis A was probably imported, frozen raspberries. This is shown by the investigation that the Norwegian Food Safety Authority and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health have carried out in connection with the outbreak, which is now considered over.

The outbreak of hepatitis A lasted from April to October this year and involved 20 infected people.

Tracing of the source shows that the raspberries are probably no longer on the market. The outbreak is therefore considered over, says senior adviser Heidi Lange at the National Institute of Public Health (NIPH).

Research – Bacterial Distribution and Community Structure in Beef Cattle Liver and Bile at Slaughter

Journal of Food Protection

In this study, the distribution of hygienic indicator bacteria in cattle livers and bile was examined at slaughterhouses. First, 127 cattle livers with gallbladders were carefully eviscerated from the carcasses at 10 slaughterhouses. Microbiological examination showed that 9 bile (7.1%) and 19 liver parenchyma (15.0%) samples were positive for the family Enterobacteriaceae (EB) with means ± SD of 3.68 ± 4.63 log CFU/mL and 1.59 ± 2.47 log CFU/g, respectively; thus, bacterial contamination was apparent even at the postevisceration stage. Subsequently, 70 cattle livers were obtained at the postprocessing/storage stage from 7 of the ten slaughterhouses; microbiological analysis revealed greater means of EB in the liver parenchyma (means ± SD of 3.00 ± 3.89 log CFU/g, P =0.011) than those at postevisceration stage, suggesting that bacterial dissemination and/or replication occurred in the liver parenchyma during processing and storage. According to 16S rRNA ion semiconductor sequencing analysis of representative samples from 12 cattle, Proteobacteria , Firmicutes , and Actinobacteria were dominant in both the parenchyma and bile, in which EB/ Escherichia coli were predominate among EB-rich livers. These results suggest that bile plays a role as a vehicle for bacterial transmission to the liver parenchyma. This is the first study to demonstrate bacterial distribution and community structure in the liver and biliary microecosystem of cattle at slaughter. Our data provide possible implication of EB testing in bile to screen cattle livers contaminated with high levels of fecal indicator bacteria.