Category Archives: Food Toxin

Research – Aflatoxin cross‐contamination during mixing of shelled almonds

Wiley Online

Abstract

Reports indicate that aflatoxin contamination in almonds comprise a few highly contaminated kernels among a much larger bulk with low concentrations, hypothetically due to cross‐contamination during processing. To test this, kernels exhibiting this distribution were generated by distributing 141.5 µg of aflatoxin between 20 almonds (approximately 7 µg each) which were then mixed with 5 kg (approximately 4,000 kernels) of local raw unroasted almonds for 20 min using an industrial mixer. A second 5 kg lot of noncontaminated kernels was marked for later identification then similarly mixed with the contaminated group. The groups were re‐separated and aflatoxin content was measured using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Twenty‐three micrograms of aflatoxin was recovered from the initially noncontaminated group, indicating cross‐contamination during mixing. Approximately 0.10 µg of aflatoxin was recovered from equipment surfaces. The results emphasize the need to reduce the potential for cross‐contamination between nuts by removing contaminated nuts and routinely cleaning processing equipment.

Practical applications

Shelled almonds have an atypical aflatoxin distribution that appears consistent with a combination of two distributions: first, infrequent highly contaminated nuts and second, a uniform low‐level aflatoxin contamination. This second distribution appears to come from cross‐contamination during postharvest processing, but this has not been previously tested. Results of this study confirmed that aflatoxin can transfer between contaminated nuts and uncontaminated nuts via simple mechanical mixing contact, as would occur during postharvest processing. Almond producers will want to take this finding into account when reviewing their processing and cleaning procedures and reduce any opportunity for nut to nut cross‐contamination by removing contaminated nuts as early as possible and routinely cleaning processing equipment.

Research – Prevalence and identification of Aspergillus and Penicillium species isolated from peanut kernels in central Myanmar

Wiley Online

Abstract

The objective of the present study was to conduct a survey to evaluate the postharvest handling of peanuts at farm level and to screen and identify the strains of Aspergillus and Penicillium species from peanut kernels in central Myanmar. A total of 640 samples from the stores of farmers, collectors, and wholesalers were collected and seeded for growth, isolation, and characterization of fungi. Out of 85 isolates, Aspergillus flavus (38), A. niger (20), A. terreus (15), and Penicillium citrinum (12) were identified and confirmed by molecular techniques including DNA sequencing using internal transcribed spacer (ITS5/4) and beta‐tubulin (Bt2a/2b) primer sets. The study indicates different factors associated with fungal contamination at farm level peanut storage and warrants an immediate attention of food safety regulatory authorities to design and implement strategies for postharvest handling and storage practice in developing countries to minimize fungal contamination.

Practical applications

In developing countries like Myanmar, there are lack of food safety practices and policies regarding the food storage, handling, and farmer education. The current study indicates the different storage methods for peanut kernels at farm level and their influence on prevalence of fungi. The study will give a deep insight to the policy makers to design food safety practices at farm level and educate the farmers to adopt the better practices to assure the consumer health and satisfaction in developing countries.

USA – Investigation of E. coli O157:H7 Outbreak Linked to Romaine from Salinas, California, November 2019

FDA

Update

December 19, 2019

FDA continues to actively investigate the cause of this outbreak. An investigation team consisting of staff from FDA, CDC, the California Department of Public Health and the California Department of Food and Agriculture are attempting to identify any factors that could have led to contamination at a common farm identified by traceback. This investigation involves assessing and sampling soil, animal droppings, compost, water, and other potential environmental sources at the ranches of this grower. The samples and information collected during the farm investigations will be analyzed.

The Wisconsin Department of Health Services recently reported that they identified the outbreak strain of E. coli O157:H7 in an unopened bag of Fresh Express brand Leafy Green Romaine collected from an ill person’s home. The source of the romaine identified in the bag was Salinas, California. It was determined that one of the growers of this product also supplied romaine linked to other E. coli outbreaks that FDA is investigating.

These outbreaks are each caused by strains that are different from each other and different from the larger outbreak. One of the additional outbreaks, in Washington state, is potentially linked to romaine lettuce. The other outbreak, with cases in the U.S. and Canada, is linked to Fresh Express Sunflower Crisp Chopped Salad Kits.

Case Counts

Total Illnesses: 138
Hospitalizations: 72
Deaths: 0
Last illness onset: December 1, 2019
States with Cases:  AZ (3), CA (4), CO (6), FL (2), IA (1), ID (3), IL (10), MD (5), MI (1), MN (5), MT (1), NE (2), NJ (9), NC (2), NM (2), OH (12), OR (1), PA (17), SC (1), SD (1), TN (1), TX (6), VA (6), WA (4), WI (33)

RASFF Alert – E.coli – Live Mussels

RASFF-Logo

RASFF – too high count of Escherichia coli (1100 MPN/100g) in live mussels from the Netherlands in France

RASFF Alert – Mycotoxin -Ergot Alkaloids – Rye Flour

RASFF-Logo

RASFF – ergot (Claviceps purpurea) alkaloids (873 µg/kg – ppb) in rye flour from France in Belgium

RASFF Alerts – Aflatoxin – Roasted Red Rice Flour – Roasted and Salted Pistachios – Dried Fig Jam -Dried Figs – Groundnuts

RASFF-Logo

RASFF – aflatoxins (B1 = 6.8; Tot. = 8.2 µg/kg – ppb) in roasted red rice flour from Sri Lanka in Switzerland

RASFF – aflatoxins (B1 = 32.77; Tot. = 36.15 µg/kg – ppb) in roasted and salted pistachios from Turkey in Germany

RASFF – aflatoxins (B1 = 12.32; Tot. = 20.78 / B1 = 15.76; Tot. = 27.15 µg/kg – ppb) in dried fig jam from Turkey in Germany

RASFF – aflatoxins (B1 = 18.85; Tot. = 19.92 µg/kg – ppb) in pistachios from Turkey in Germany

RASFF – aflatoxins (B1 = 22.47; Tot. = 25.48 µg/kg – ppb) in roasted and salted pistachio kernels from Turkey in Germany

RASFF – aflatoxins (Tot. = 20.4 µg/kg – ppb) in shelled groundnuts from Argentina in Spain

RASFF – aflatoxins (B1 = 11; Tot. = 12 / B1 = 9.7; Tot. = 24 µg/kg – ppb) in groundnut kernels from Argentina in the Netherlands

RASFF – aflatoxins (Tot. = 16.53 µg/kg – ppb) in dried figs from Turkey in Germany

RASFF – aflatoxins (B1 = 3.7; Tot. = 4.2 µg/kg – ppb) in groundnuts from the United States in Norway

RASFF – aflatoxins (B1 = 57.74; Tot. = 131.81 µg/kg – ppb) in dried figs from Turkey in Germany

RASFF – aflatoxins (B1 = 17.86; Tot. = 19,89 µg/kg – ppb) in roasted and salted pistachios from Turkey in Germany

New Zealand -Marine biotoxin in shellfish for Waihi Beach in the Waikato/Bay of Plenty region

MPI

The Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) today issued a public health warning advising the public not to collect or consume shellfish harvested from the southern end of Pauanui Beach down to the northern tip of Mount Maunganui, including the Tauranga Harbour.

Routine tests on shellfish samples taken from this region have shown levels of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins above the safe limit of 0.8 mg/kg set by MPI. Anyone eating shellfish from this area is potentially at risk of illness. Please help keep your whānau safe over the Christmas break and avoid collecting shellfish from the affected area.

Due to currents and prevailing winds going in the opposite direction, the presence of toxic shellfish are not believed to be related to the recent eruption of White Island.

Map showing the affected area

Canary Islands – Ciguatera outbreak reported in the Canary Islands

Outbreak News Today File:Gambierdiscus toxicus NOAA.png

Health officials with the Government of the Canary Islands have reported a possible outbreak of ciguatera after finding six cases of food poisoning after consuming black medregal (amberjack) in La Victoria de Acentejo, according to a El Dia report (computer translated).

Ciguatera is not unknown in the Canary Island reporting several cases annually and some 20 outbreaks in the past decade.

More than 400 species of fish, including barracuda, black grouper, blackfin snapper, cubera snapper, dog snapper, greater amberjack, hogfish, horse-eye jack, king mackerel, and yellowfin grouper have been implicated in this food borne illness that’s relatively common in several areas of the world.

This toxin is the result of the accumulation of marine algae and the toxins they produce passing up the food chain. These marine algae hang on to dead coral and seaweed. They are then eaten by herbivore fish which are subsequently eaten by predatory reef fish which concentrates the toxin in its tissue. People get this food borne toxin from eating these contaminated larger fish. The reef fishes are more likely to get contaminated during storms and other turbulence.

 

Information – Handling Flour Safely: What You Need to Know

FDA

Flour is a raw food. It may not look like a raw food, but it usually is, just like fresh tomatoes or carrots. The grains from which flour is ground are grown in fields and, like all foods grown outdoors, they may be exposed to a variety of harmful bacteria like Salmonella and pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli).

5 Important Things to Know About Flour

  1. Flours most commonly used in home baking and cooking are made directly from raw grains.
  2. Processing raw grains into flour does not kill harmful bacteria.
  3. Many foods made with flour also contain raw eggs, which may contain harmful bacteria.
  4. Cooking is the only way to be sure that foods made with flour and raw eggs are safe.
  5. Never eat or taste raw flour, dough, or batter.

OUTBREAK

Since 2009 there have been several outbreaks of foodborne illness involving raw flour or raw flour-containing products like cake mixes and cookie dough. These have resulted in 168 known illnesses and 20 hospitalizations.

Dos and Don’ts of Handling Flour

Check out this list of DO’s and DON’Ts to help keep you and your family safe when handling raw flour.

  • DO follow package directions on baking mixes and other flour containing products for correct cooking temperatures and specified times.
  • DO keep all raw foods, like flour and eggs, separate from ready-to eat foods. Remember, flour is a powder and spreads easily.
  • DO refrigerate cookie and pastry dough according to package directions. Use a refrigerator thermometer to be sure your refrigerator is at a safe 40°F.
  • DO clean up carefully after working with flour or raw dough and eggs:
    • Wash hands thoroughly with soap and running water, and,
    • Wash utensils, bowls, baking pans and cutting boards, and countertops with warm, soapy water.
  • DO NOT eat or allow children to eat or play with raw dough products made with any brand of flour or baking mix before cooking.
  • DO NOT keep recalled flour. Throw it away.
  • DO NOT let children use raw dough for crafts or play clay.
  • DO NOT use products that contain raw flour, like cake mix to make milkshakes.
  • DO NOT use raw cookie dough in ice cream (the cookie dough in ice cream sold in stores has been treated to kill harmful bacteria).

USA – Ohio Romaine Outbreak Sickens 12 with E. coli O157:H7 Infections

Food Poisoning Bulletin

The Ohio romaine outbreak has sickened 12 people with E. coli O157:H7 infections, making it the state with the second most illnesses after Wisconsin, with 33 cases as of December 9, 2019. Overall, at least 102 people are sick across the country, with 58 hospitalized and 10 who have developed hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), a type of kidney failure.

Most romaine products, including baby romaine, chopped romaine, organic romaine, hearts of romaine, romaine in salad wraps, salad bowl kits, sandwiches, packages of precut lettuce, and salad mixes that contain romaine, may be marked with the growing region. This is a voluntary policy put into place after last year’s two romaine E. coli O157:H7 HUS outbreaks. If the label says “Salinas” anywhere, or if the package is unmarked, don’t eat the romaine.

The CDC and FDA have stated that there is one grower associated with all three E. coli O157:H7 romaine outbreaks that are ongoing, but that grower has not been named. Officials have inspected three farms in the Salinas region, but has not named those.