Category Archives: Research

Research – Scientific Evidence Supports the Use of Alcohol Based Hand Sanitizers as an Effective Alternative to Handwashing in Retail Food and Foodservice Settings When Heavy Soiling is Not Present on Hands

Journal of Food Protection

Suboptimal food worker health and hygiene has been a common contributing factor in foodborne disease outbreaks for many years. Despite clear FDA Model Food Code recommendations for hand washing and glove use, food worker compliance with handwashing recommendations has remained poor for more than 20 years. Food workers’ compliance with recommended handwashing is adversely impacted by a number of barriers, including complaints of time pressure, inadequate number and/or location of handwashing sinks and handwashing supplies, lack of food knowledge and training regarding handwashing, the belief that wearing gloves obviates the need for hand washing, insufficient management commitment, and adverse skin effects caused by frequent handwashing. While many of the issues related to poor handwashing practices in food service facilities are the same as those in healthcare settings, a new approach to healthcare hand hygiene was deemed necessary over 15 years ago due to persistently low compliance rates among healthcare personnel. Evidence-based hand hygiene guidelines for healthcare settings were published by both CDC in 2002 and by the World Health Organization in 2009. Despite similar low handwashing compliance rates among retail food establishment workers, no changes in the Food Code indications for handwashing have been made since 2001. In direct contrast to healthcare settings, where frequent use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHSs) in lieu of handwashing has improved hand hygiene compliance rates and reduced infections, the Food Code continues to permit the use of ABHSs only after hands have been washed with soap and water. This general interest manuscript provides clear evidence to support modifying the FDA Model Food Code to  allow the use of ABHS as an acceptable alternative to handwashing in situations where heavy soiling is not present . Emphasis on the importance of handwashing when hands are heavily soiled and appropriate use of gloves are still indicated.

Research – Virulence Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria innocua, and Listeria welshimeri Isolated from Fish and Shrimp Using In Vivo Early Zebrafish Larvae Models and Molecular Study

MDPI

Listeriosis is one of the most notable foodborne diseases and is characterized by high rates of mortality. L. monocytogenes is the main cause of human listeriosis outbreaks, however, there are isolated cases of disease caused by other species of the genus Listeria. The aim of this study was to evaluate strains of L. monocytogenes (n = 7), L. innocua (n = 6), and L. welshimeri (n = 2) isolated from fish and shrimps for their virulence based on the presence of virulence genes and the in vivo Danio rerio (zebrafish) larvae models. A total of 15 strains were analyzed. The zebrafish larvae model showed that the larvae injected with L. monocytogenes strains were characterized by the lowest survival rate (46.5%), followed by L. innocua strains (64.2%) and L. welshimeri (83.0%) strains. Multiplex PCRs were used for detection of selected virulence genes (luxS, actA2, prfA, inlB, rrn, iapsigB, plcB, actA, hlyA), the majority of which were present in L. monocytogenes. Only a few virulence-related genes were found in L. welshimeri, however, no correlation between the occurrence of these genes and larval survival was confirmed. This research highlights the importance of the potential impact that Listeria spp. strains isolated from fish and shrimps may have on consumers. View Full-Text

Research – Effect of Time, Temperature and Transport Media on the Recovery of Listeria monocytogenes from Environmental Swabs

Journal of Food Protection

Environmental monitoring for Listeria monocytogenes in food processing environments is key for ensuring the safety of ready-to-eat foods. For sampling, swabs are often hydrated with a wetting or transport medium which may contain neutralizers and other ingredients. After swabbing the environment, the swabs may then be transported or shipped cold to an off-site laboratory for testing, ideally within 48 h. Extended shipping times may subject the pathogen to increased temperatures in the presence of the wetting medium, organics, and other chemicals from the processing facility which may confound detection. This study evaluated growth and detection of L. monocytogenes on stainless steel exposed to either buffer or sodium hypochlorite prior to drying. Swabs were rehydrated with Butterfield’s Phosphate Buffer, Neutralizing Buffer, Letheen Broth or Dey-Engley Neutralizing Broth prior to swabbing. Swabs were stored in the presence of no added food, cheese whey or ice cream under both optimal (4°) and sub-optimal (15°C) temperatures for up to 72 h. Overall, there was no growth of L. monocytogenes at 4°C through 72 h storage, though enrichment from these swabs was dependent on the presence and type of food matrix. Pathogen growth during storage at 15°C was more variable and depended on both the food matrix and transport media used, with Dey-Engley and Letheen Broth allowing for the highest population increases. Overall, more enrichments resulting in L. monocytogenes detections were observed when using Letheen Broth and Neutralizing Buffer than Dey-Engley which resulted in fewer detections at 15°C. Logistic regression and Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel (CMH) analyses determined that storage temperature, transport media, and food matrix all significantly affected detection of L. monocytogenes , while storage time did not have a clear effect on recovery from swabs.

Research – Impacts of Wet Market Modernization Levels and Hygiene Practices on the Microbiome and Microbial Safety of Wooden Cutting Boards in Hong Kong

MDPI

Accessing food through wet markets is a common global daily occurrence, where fresh meat can be purchased to support an urbanizing world population. Similar to the wet markets in many other metropolitan cities in Asia, Hong Kong wet markets vary and are characterized by differing hygiene routines and access to essential modern technologies. The lack of risk assessments of food contact surfaces in these markets has led to substantial gaps in food safety knowledge and information that could help improve and maintain public health. Microbial profiling analyses were conducted on cutting boards that had been used to process pork, poultry, and seafood at 11 different wet markets. The markets differed in hygiene protocols and access to modern facilities. Irrespective of whether wet markets have access of modern infrastructure, the hygiene practices were largely found to be inefficient based on the prevalence of bacterial species typically associated with foodborne pathogens such as Campylobacter fetusClostridium perfringensStaphylococcus aureus, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus; indicator organisms such as Escherichia coli; as well as nonfoodborne pathogenic bacterial species potentially associated with nosocomial infections, such as Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae. Other Vibrio species, V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus, typically associated with contaminated raw or undercooked seafood with the potential to cause illness in humans, were also found on wooden cutting boards. This study indicated that the hygienic practices used in Hong Kong wet markets are not sufficient for preventing the establishment of spoilage or pathogenic organisms. This study serves as a basis to review current hygiene practices in wet markets and provides a framework to reassess existing safety protocols.

Research – Inhibitory Activity of Essential Oils against Vibrio campbellii and Vibrio parahaemolyticus

MDPI

Vibriosis, caused by Vibrio strains, is an important bacterial disease and capable of causing significant high mortality in aquatic animals. Essential oils (EOs) have been considered as an alternative approach for the treatment of aquatic bacterial diseases. In this study, we evaluated the antibacterial activity of essential oils (= 22) or essential oil components (EOCs, = 12) against Vibrio strains belonging to the harveyi clade. It was verified by three different approaches, e.g., (i) a bacterial growth assay, comparing Vibrio growth with or without EO(C)s at various concentrations; (ii) a vapor-phase-mediated susceptibility assay, comparing the effect of EO(C)s on bacterial growth through the vapor phase; and (iii) a quorum sensing-inhibitory assay, based on specific inhibition of quorum sensing-regulated bioluminescence. The results showed that, in the bacterial growth assay, EOs of Melaleuca alternifolia and Litsea citrata at 0.0001%, Eucalyptus citriodora at 0.01% can inhibit the growth of Vibrio campbellii BB120. These EOs can also prevent the growth of V. parahaemolyticus strains but need to be present at a higher concentration (0.1%). Moreover, in the vapor-phase-mediated susceptibility assay, EOs of M. alternifoliaL. citrata and E. citriodora can inhibit the growth of V. campbellii BB120 through their vapor phase. However, V. parahaemolyticus strains (CAIM170, LMG2850 and MO904) cannot be inhibited by these EOs. Additionally, in the quorum sensing-inhibitory assay, EOs of Mentha pulegiumCuminum cyminumZingiber officinalis, and E. citriodora, all at 0.001%, have quorum sensing-inhibitory activity in V. campbellii BB120. Taken together, our study provides substantial evidence that usage of the major components, individually or in combination, of the tested commercial EOs (extracted from M. alternifoliaL. citrata, and E. citriodora) could be a promising approach to control V. campbellii BB120.

Guidelines – Hygiene guidelines for the control of Listeria monocytogenes in the production of quick-frozen vegetables.

PROFEL

Abstract
A multidisciplinary approach is recommended to control the environmental pathogen Listeria monocytogenes in the production of quick-frozen vegetables. A food safety management system, based on Pre-Requisite Programs (PRPs, focusing on the hygiene and organization of the production environment) and a HACCP-plan (focusing on the process control), need to have a full focus on Listeria monocytogenes in order to prevent the organism from colonizing and persisting in complex biofilm formations, or to prevent contamination with the organism after (thermal) processing during further handling before packaging. Figure 1 illustrates the different PRPs and the HACCP-plan relevant in the prevention and control of Listeria monocytogenes. Environmental control needs to be established in order to verify the effectiveness of the implemented PRPs and HACCP-plan and to evaluate the potential accumulation of Listeria monocytogenes in the broader production environment. Finally, end product specifications must help Food Business
Operators (FBOs) to set intermediate levels towards L. monocytogenes, achievable in end products when a proper food safety management system is in place. Risk communication and information sharing towards the users of quick-frozen vegetables must clearly state the proper use of the frozen products to avoid potential abuse. Apart from these technomanagerial activities, an FBO also needs to establish a safety culture and create awareness throughout the whole production organization and all its aspects in the prevention and control of food safety hazards and hygiene disruptions.
The presented guidelines cover frozen vegetables, blanched and unblanched, which are considered as Non Ready-To- Eat (nRTE). FBOs intending to market frozen vegetables as Ready-To-Eat (RTE), would also benefit from following these guidelines. Such FBOs, however, should follow additional preventive and control measures to assure the safety of RTE products, but these are not included in the current guidelines.

Norway – Infectious substances in lettuce and herbs 2017-2019

Mattilsynet

Lettuce and herbs on the Norwegian market mainly have good hygienic quality, the Norwegian Food Safety Authority’s monitoring program shows. However, the samples analysed make up a small proportion of the total amount of lettuce and herbs sold.

What did we investigate? Imported and Norwegian-produced salad and fresh imported herbs

A total of 580 samples – 426 of lettuce and 154 of herbs

Period: 2017 -2019
What were we looking for? E. coli, Salmonella, Cryptosporidium , hepatitis A virus and norovirus.

Not all analyses were performed on all samples.

What did we find? In the 575 samples analysed for E. coli , was detected E. coli in low numbers (<100 cfu / g) in 57 samples and E. coli ≥100 cfu / g in 36 samples. 13 samples contained such high values ​​of E. coli that the products were withdrawn from the market. 10 of these were imported herbs from Southeast Asia.

Salmonella, Cryptosporidium , hepatitis A virus or norovirus were not detected in any of the samples analysed for these infectious agents.

Findings of high values ​​of E. coli in lettuce and herbs indicate a fresh faecal contamination, which may indicate that the product may also be contaminated with pathogenic bacteria, viruses and parasites. Herbs from Southeast Asia are a known risk product for Salmonella . The Norwegian Food Safety Authority recommends that such herbs be heat-treated before they are eaten.

Who performed the assignment? The bacterial analyses were performed at the Veterinary Institute and the parasite and virus analyses at NMBU Veterinary College.

Northern Ireland – The proposed approach to domestic legislation relating to food and feed safety and hygiene, food compositional standards and food labelling (including nutrition labelling) in Northern Ireland

FSA

Northern Ireland specific
Consultation seeking stakeholders’ views on the proposed approach to technical amendments to NI domestic legislation relating to food and feed safety and hygiene, food compositional standards and food labelling (including nutrition labelling).

This consultation will be of most interest to

Food and animal feed businesses including manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers and enforcement authorities. The consultation may also be of interest to health professionals, consumer groups and others with an interest in food and feed legislation.

About this consultation

This consultation concerns the proposed approach to technical amendments to Northern Ireland (NI) domestic legislation relating to food and feed safety and hygiene, food compositional standards and food labelling (including nutrition labelling). These amendments are necessary to reflect the application of the Withdrawal Agreement and the Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland (NIP) to ensure NI food and feed law remains effective at the end of the Transition Period (TP).

Consultation Pack

How to respond

Responses to this consultation should be sent to:

Email: executive.support@food.gov.uk

Postal address:

Executive Support Unit
Food Standards Agency in Northern Ireland
10a-c Clarendon Road
Belfast
BT1 3BG

Publication of response summary

Within three months of a consultation ending we aim to publish a summary of responses received and provide a link to it from this page.

You can find information on how we handle data provided in response to consultations in our Consultations privacy notice.

Further information

This consultation has been prepared in accordance with HM Government Consultation Principles (Opens in a new window). If an Impact Assessment has been produced, this is included in the consultation documents. If no Impact Assessment has been provided, the reason will be given in the consultation document.

Research – Consumer knowledge and behaviors regarding food safety risks associated with wheat flour

Journal of Food Protection

Consumers do not consider flour, a low-moisture food product, a high-risk for microbial contamination. In the past ten years, however, flour has been identified as a source of pathogenic bacteria, including Salmonella and E. coli . Online surveys were conducted to study consumers’ flour-handling practices and their knowledge about food safety risks related to flour. The survey also evaluated message impact on three food safety messages in communicating information and convincing consumers to adopt safe flour handling practices. Flour-using consumers (n = 1,045) from the United States reported they used flour to make cakes, cookies, and bread. Most consumers stored flour in sealed containers. Less than 1% kept a record of product identification numbers, like lot numbers, and less than 11% kept brand and use-by-date information. Many consumers (85%) were unaware of flour recalls, or outbreaks, and few (17%) believed they would be affected by flour recalls or outbreaks. If the recall affected the flour they bought, nearly half of the consumers (47%) would buy the same product from a different brand for a few months before they returned to the recalled brand. Among consumers who use flour to bake, 66% said they ate raw cookie dough or batter. Raw dough “eaters” were more difficult to convince to avoid eating and playing raw flour than “non-eaters.” Food safety messages were less impactful on those raw dough “eaters” than “non-eaters.” Compared with the food safety message with only recommendations, those messages with recommendations and an explanation as to the benefits of the practice were more effective in convincing consumers to change their practices. These findings provide insight into effective consumer education about safe flour-handling practices and could assist in the accurate development of risk assessment models related to flour handling.

Research – Norovirus outbreak causing gastroenteritis in a hotel in Menorca, Spain

Science Direct

Food Borne Illness - Norovirus -CDC Photo

Abstract

Objectives

To establish the agent responsible for a gastroenteritis outbreak in a hotel in Menorca (Spain) in September 2016.

Methods

The study included epidemiological and laboratory analysis. Environmental and stool samples were examined for bacterial and viral pathogens.

Results

One hundred and fifty-one cases were detected, 123 among the tourists staying in the hotel and 28 affecting the staff. The presence of genotype 2 norovirus was discovered in the microbiological studies of patient’s faeces, as well as in the surface samples of rooms and common areas. The control plan implemented allowed for control of the outbreak.

Conclusions

This study on a genotype 2 norovirus outbreak reveals the importance of a rapid response for controlling these types of outbreaks.