Category Archives: Research

Research – Exploring food safety perceptions and self-reported practices of pet owners, providing raw meat-based diets to pets.

Journal of Food Protection

The growing popularity of raw meat-based diets for pets is accompanied by an increasing concern regarding possible health implications of this practice to pet owners, due to the storage and preparation of raw meat. This study aimed to explore pet owners’ knowledge and perceptions about safety of raw meat-based feeding and determine self-reported food safety practices during raw meat-based pet food preparation. An online questionnaire was distributed via social media platforms was completed by pet owners practicing raw meat-based feeding ( n =174). Almost all participants (95%) reported confidence that their pets’ raw meat-based food is safe. Two thirds of respondents (67%) reported to have researched food safety information, regarding raw meat-based feeding, however only 8% asked a veterinarian for food safety advice. Respondents were aware of pathogens that may be present in raw meat-based diets, and of food safety practices, however, they did not report implementation of appropriate food safety practices consistently. Malpractices, such as rinsing raw meat (27%) and lack of segregation (52%) were reported. The risk of foodborne illness to pet owners associated with raw meat-based feeding was perceived to be ‘low’ by 89% of pet owners. Participants perceived low susceptibility to foodborne illness, but high self-efficacy, which may be an indication of ‘optimistic bias’. This study has identified the need for increasing pet owners’ awareness of the possible risks associated with raw meat-based feeding to human health. The provision of comprehensive food safety information, intended to target the perceptions of pet owners identified in this study, is needed to improve pet owners’ food safety practices, to reduce the potential food safety risks associated with raw meat preparation and storage in the domestic environment.

Research – COVID-19 impacts enforcement in Ireland and Sweden

Food Safety News

The number of enforcement orders served on businesses for breaching food safety legislation in 2020 in Ireland fell by 67 percent compared to the year before.

The Food Safety Authority of Ireland (FSAI) reported that 42 enforcement orders were given to food businesses compared to 125 in 2019.

Meanwhile, a survey by Livsmedelsverket (the National Food Agency) in Sweden has revealed planned food controls have been heavily impacted by the Coronavirus pandemic.

The agency found nearly three out of four authorities in the country have not been able to carry out all the food control work they had planned in 2020, with many saying their resources are stretched and they needed to prioritise.

Norway – The Norwegian Food Safety Authority with an inspection campaign on Listeria measures in salmon slaughterhouses

Mattilsynet

In 2021, the Norwegian Food Safety Authority will carry out an inspection campaign in all salmon slaughterhouses where we will investigate measures and routines to prevent the fish from becoming contaminated with the listeria bacterium.

Listeria monocytogenes can cause listeriosis. Most of us do not get sick from the bacterium, but pregnant women, children, the elderly and people with weakened immune systems are vulnerable. Listeria multiplies at cooling temperature, survives freezing, salting and smoking, but is killed by adequate heat treatment.

– Since salmon and aura are largely eaten without heat treatment and used for ready-to-eat products such as sushi, sashimi, smoked and digged fish, it is important that producers have effective measures against Listeria, says Elisabeth Wilmann, director of fish and seafood at the Norwegian Food Safety Authority.

Several listeriosis outbreaks in EU countries a few years ago

In 2018 and 2019, there were serious outbreaks of listeriosis in several EU countries related to the consumption of smoked, grated and marinated fish products. The raw materials were Norwegian salmon and aura. The product was traced back to processing plants in Poland and Estonia, but one could not rule out that the raw materials from Norway were contaminated.

– The fact that Norwegian salmon and aura have been linked to serious disease outbreaks is one of the reasons why the Norwegian Food Safety Authority is carrying out the inspection campaign. Another reason is that more and more countries are making demands with regard to Listeria in Norwegian fish, Wilmann says.

The Norwegian Food Safety Authority’s experience is that Norwegian salmon slaughterhouses generally have good knowledge of microbiological hazards in fish, and that targeted work has been done on measures against Listeria.

– At the same time, we know that Listeria is regularly detected in the production environment in Norwegian slaughterhouses, says Wilmann.

The Norwegian Food Safety Authority will guide, clarify responsibilities and get an overview

In the campaign, the Norwegian Food Safety Authority will examine the slaughterhouse’s measures, sampling and routines for non-conformance treatment.

– We emphasize guidance. In addition, we will clarify the regulations and the responsibility of the slaughterhouse to prevent unsafe products from entering the market, says Wilmann.

The aim is to control all salmon slaughterhouses and vessels that slaughter salmonids. The campaign period is 15 January to 1 September, and the final report will be published towards the end of 2021. It may be relevant to carry out some of the inspections digitally due to coronary restrictions.

In 2020-2021, the Norwegian Food Safety Authority will also implement a monitoring and mapping program to map the status of Listeria.

– By obtaining a better overview of the status of Listeria in salmonids, we will be in a better position to contribute to the clarification of any future disease outbreaks, Wilmann concludes.

Read more on the website for the supervision campaign

Research – Parasites in food an Invisible Threat

FAO

Foodborne parasitic diseases are often neglected in various food safety control systems, even though they can create severe human health problems. Because the production and monetary losses associated with them are often not visible, and the infected animals often show no signs, they are very difficult to detect. Different types of parasitic diseases can be transmitted to humans from pork, fish, freshwater crustaceans, vegetables, eggs of tapeworms and protozoa. The risks associated with all of them can, however, be avoided through the application of good hygiene, farming and fishing practices, and with the promotion of the community awareness. For example, the promotion of a participatory approach and the development of training packages for food businesses operators would be beneficial in raising awareness within the community. Basic information regarding the how the parasites are transmitted and their effects, and any and all preventive measure that each person can take should be included in communication topics. Food safety authorities can play an important part by using the guidance provided by Codex Alimentarius regarding animal production, food processing, and meat inspection. Furthermore, the development of networks of authorities committed to addressing the problem, would help prevent and control the spread of parasitic diseases.

Research – Text Mining Approaches for Postmarket Food Safety Surveillance Using Online Media

Wiley Online

Food contamination and food poisoning pose enormous risks to consumers across the world. As discussions of consumer experiences have spread through online media, we propose the use of text mining to rapidly screen online media for mentions of food safety hazards. We compile a large data set of labeled consumer posts spanning two major websites. Utilizing text mining and supervised machine learning, we identify unique words and phrases in online posts that identify consumers’ interactions with hazardous food products. We compare our methods to traditional sentiment‐based text mining. We assess performance in a high‐volume setting, utilizing a data set of over 4 million online reviews. Our methods were 77–90% accurate in top‐ranking reviews, while sentiment analysis was just 11–26% accurate. Moreover, we aggregate review‐level results to make product‐level risk assessments. A panel of 21 food safety experts assessed our model’s hazard‐flagged products to exhibit substantially higher risk than baseline products. We suggest the use of these tools to profile food items and assess risk, building a postmarket decision support system to identify hazardous food products. Our research contributes to the literature and practice by providing practical and inexpensive means for rapidly monitoring food safety in real time.

Research – Project confirms growing threat in Europe from toxins created by microalgae

Food Safety News

gam

A project looking at the risk of ciguatera poisoning in Europe has finished work after almost five years.

An international scientific meeting was held in October for the EuroCigua project which began in April 2016 and ends this month.

Ciguatera is a type of food poisoning associated with consumption of fishery products that contain toxins produced by a microalgae called Gambierdiscus toxicus. The toxin does not affect the appearance, odor or taste of the fish and is not destroyed by cooking, refrigeration or freezing.

It causes an estimated 10,000 to 50,000 cases per year worldwide and outbreaks have been reported in Spain and Portugal. From 2012 to 2018, four European countries reported 23 ciguatera outbreaks and 167 cases.

Results confirmed the appearance of ciguatera in the European Union, having identified native species of fish with ciguatoxins in Macaronesia, Madeira and the Canary Islands. The presence of Gambierdiscus in the Mediterranean Sea, Cyprus and Greece was also detected, as well as the first finding in the Balearic Islands.

Research – Application of a Novel Lytic Podoviridae Phage Pu20 for Biological Control of Drug-Resistant Salmonella in Liquid Eggs

MDPI

kswfoodworld Salmonella

Salmonella is a globally distributed zoonotic pathogen. Among them, S. Pullorum is a host-specific pathogen that seriously affects the development of the poultry breeding industry in China. It mainly infects chickens and can cause white scabs, and the mortality rate after infection is almost 100%. As antibiotics are widely used in animal feed and other production processes, Salmonella resistance has gradually increased. Therefore, there is an increasing need to develop new technologies to control multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens and confirm their actual effectiveness in the target food matrix. Bacteriophage can efficiently and specifically lyse bacteria, and will be a potential bactericide to replace antibiotics. In this study, 34 strains of Salmonella bacteriophages were isolated from environmental resources. Therein, phage Pu20 with the widest host spectrum had the strongest ability to lyse tested Salmonella strains. Further studies showed that Pu20 had high pH tolerance and heat resistance, short incubation period. Pu20 can effectively inhibit the growth of two strains of MDR Salmonella in liquid egg white and yolk at 4 ℃ and 25 ℃, respectively. According to morphological and phylogenetic analysis, Pu20 belongs to the Podoviridae family. Genomic analysis of Pu20 indicates a linear 59435 bp dsDNA sequence with no homology to virulence or antibiotic resistance-related genes. Together, these results sheds light on the potential biocontrol application value of Pu20 in food products.

Research – Basil Essential Oil: Composition, Antimicrobial Properties, and Microencapsulation to Produce Active Chitosan Films for Food Packaging

MDPI

The essential oil (EO) from basil—Ocimum basilicum—was characterized, microencapsulated by vibration technology, and used to prepare a new type of packaging system designed to extend the food shelf life. The basil essential oil (BEO) chemical composition and antimicrobial activity were analyzed, as well as the morphological and biological properties of the derived BEO microcapsules (BEOMC). Analysis of BEO by gas chromatography demonstrated that the main component was linalool, whereas the study of its antimicrobial activity showed a significant inhibitory effect against all the microorganisms tested, mostly Gram-positive bacteria. Moreover, the prepared BEOMC showed a spheroidal shape and retained the EO antimicrobial activity. Finally, chitosan-based edible films were produced, grafted with BEOMC, and characterized for their physicochemical and biological properties. Since their effective antimicrobial activity was demonstrated, these films were tested as packaging system by wrapping cooked ham samples during 10 days of storage, with the aim of their possible use to extend the shelf life of the product. It was demonstrated that the obtained active film can both control the bacterial growth of the cooked ham and markedly inhibit the pH increase of the packaged food. View Full-Text

Research – A Methodology for Classifying Root Causes of Outbreaks of Legionnaires’ Disease: Deficiencies in Environmental Control and Water Management

MDPI

CDC legionella

Image CDC

We piloted a methodology for collecting and interpreting root cause—or environmental deficiency (ED)—information from Legionnaires’ disease (LD) outbreak investigation reports. The methodology included a classification framework to assess common failures observed in the implementation of water management programs (WMPs). We reviewed reports from fourteen CDC-led investigations between 1 January 2015 and 21 June 2019 to identify EDs associated with outbreaks of LD. We developed an abstraction guide to standardize data collection from outbreak reports and define relevant parameters. We categorized each ED according to three criteria: ED type, WMP-deficiency type, and source of deficiency. We calculated the prevalence of EDs among facilities and explored differences between facilities with and without WMPs. A majority of EDs identified (81%) were classified as process failures. Facilities with WMPs (n = 8) had lower prevalence of EDs attributed to plumbed devices (9.1%) and infrastructure design (0%) than facilities without WMPs (n = 6; 33.3% and 24.2%, respectively). About three quarters (72%) of LD cases and 81% of the fatalities in our sample originated at facilities without a WMP. This report highlights the importance of WMPs in preventing and mitigating outbreaks of LD. Building water system process management is a primary obstacle toward limiting the root causes of LD outbreaks. Greater emphasis on the documentation, verification, validation, and continuous program review steps will be important in maximizing the effectiveness of WMPs. View Full-Text

Australia – Australian egg industry cracks down on Salmonella

Food Processing.com.au

The Australian egg industry has continued to work closely with authorities to respond to and eliminate the threat of Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) since its initial outbreak in September 2018.

Additional legislation was introduced in New South Wales in the form of a Biosecurity (Salmonella Enteritidis) Control Order to manage the risk of SE to consumers. It has been in effect since August 2019.

In its 2019–20 Annual Report, NSW Food Authority reported a reduction in compliance of the food safety program across the NSW egg industry as a result of increased regulatory controls placed on industry due to the introduction of the Biosecurity (Salmonella Enteritidis) Control Order.