Category Archives: Research

Research – Raw Meat-Based Pet Feeding and Food Safety: Netnography Study of Pet Owner Comments and Review of Manufacturers’ Information Provision

Journal of Food Protection

Feeding raw meat to domestic pets is a popular practice. Because of the potential food safety implications associated with handling raw meat, concerns about pet owner health have increased. For this study, a netnographic content analysis approach was used to analyze posts from ‘PetForums Community’ online archives, relating to ‘raw meat-based feeding’ and ‘food safety’ ( n =308). UK manufacturer/supplier websites ( n =33) were reviewed for provision of food safety information relating to raw meat-based pet feeding. The data were analyzed using qualitative thematic approach and quantitative methods. Pet owner forum comments indicated potential malpractices and indifference towards the possible food safety hazards when preparing raw meat-based pet food. Many were risk aware but indicated confusion regarding appropriate food safety practices. Although emotional concern about the safety of the pets and children was expressed, contracting a foodborne disease was not perceived as a personal risk. Additionally, the review identified that the majority (61%) of manufacturer/supplier websites failed to provide any food safety instructions or warnings to pet owners regarding raw meat-based pet food. Information was inconsistent and varied between sources. The most comprehensive sources of information were provided by manufacturers approved by the UK Pet Food Manufacturers’ Association. This is the first netnography study to explore pet owner online reports and the provision of food safety information, related to raw pet feeding. Findings suggest pet owners may not fully appreciate the potential risks associated with raw meat-based pet feeding. Consequently, there is a need for credible and consistent strategies to inform the pet owners about potential implications associated with feeding raw meat to pets, as well as about safe food handling practices.

Research – Antimicrobial Efficacy and Spectrum of Phosphorous-Fluorine Co-Doped TiO2 Nanoparticles on the Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella Typhimurium, Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli, Yersinia enterocolitica, Shewanella putrefaciens, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus

MDPI

Yersinia p

Contamination of meats and meat products with foodborne pathogenic bacteria raises serious safety issues in the food industry. The antibacterial activities of phosphorous-fluorine co-doped TiO2 nanoparticles (PF-TiO2) were investigated against seven foodborne pathogenic bacteria: Campylobacter jejuniSalmonella Typhimurium, Enterohaemorrhagic E. coliYersinia enterocoliticaShewanella putrefaciens, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. PF-TiO2 NPs were synthesized hydrothermally at 250 °C for 1, 3, 6 or 12 h, and then tested at three different concentrations (500 μg/mL, 100 μg/mL, 20 μg/mL) for the inactivation of foodborne bacteria under UVA irradiation, daylight exposure or dark conditions. The antibacterial efficacies were compared after 30 min of exposure to light. Distinct differences in the antibacterial activities of the PF-TiO2 NPs, and the susceptibilities of tested foodborne pathogenic bacterium species were found. PF-TiO2/3 h and PF-TiO2/6 h showed the highest antibacterial activity by decreasing the living bacterial cell number from ~106 by ~5 log (L. monocytogenes), ~4 log (EHEC), ~3 log (Y. enterolcolitca, S. putrefaciens) and ~2.5 log (S. aureus), along with complete eradication of C. jejuni and S. Typhimurium. Efficacy of PF-TiO2/1 h and PF-TiO2/12 h NPs was lower, typically causing a ~2–4 log decrease in colony forming units depending on the tested bacterium while the effect of PF-TiO2/0 h was comparable to P25 TiO2, a commercial TiO2 with high photocatalytic activity. Our results show that PF-co-doping of TiO2 NPs enhanced the antibacterial action against foodborne pathogenic bacteria and are potential candidates for use in the food industry as active surface components, potentially contributing to the production of meats that are safe for consumption.

USA – Core Investigation Table Update

FDA

USA – FDA begins testing cake mixes in search of specific product in E. coli outbreak

Food Safety News

They have not yet named any specific brands or flavors of cake mix related to an outbreak of E. coli infections, but federal officials have begun product testing in relation to the illnesses.

Sixteen people across 12 states have been confirmed as being infected, with seven requiring hospitalization, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Illnesses began Feb. 26 with the most recent one beginning June 21. 

More patients will likely be identified, according to federal officials because of the long shelf life of cake mixes and the time lag between when a person becomes ill and when the illness is confirmed and reported to the CDC.

The Food and Drug Administration has been working with the CDC on the outbreak investigation and reported on Aug. 4 that the agency has begun product testing. The FDA has also initiated traceback efforts and onsite inspections. However no producer or specific products have been named by the FDA or CDC.

USA – The Quest for Safer Chicken

Consumer Reports

Why are potentially deadly bacteria legally allowed in our poultry? And how can you and your family stay safe?

Amanda Craten used to love cooking, especially big Sicilian dinners prepared for her extended family, relishing the family bonding as much as the food. But that changed in 2013 after Craten’s son and mother-in-law became seriously ill with Salmonella Heidelberg, a virulent, antibiotic-resistant strain of bacteria that was traced to chicken from Foster Farms, a leading poultry processor.

That contaminated chicken was part of a salmonella outbreak that spanned 16 months and sickened 634 people across the country, more than a third of whom had to be hospitalized. And for Craten’s family, in Arizona, the consequences were devastating.

Hong Kong – CFS reminds public to pay more attention to food safety risks in summer

CFS

The Centre for Food Safety (CFS) of the Food and Environmental Hygiene Department (FEHD) today (July 20) released the findings of its Summer Food Surveillance Programme 2021. The results of over 2 000 food samples tested were satisfactory except for three samples that had been announced earlier. The overall satisfactory rate was 99.85 per cent. A CFS spokesman reminded members of the public to remain vigilant and pay more attention to food safety and environmental hygiene as the hot and humid climate of summer in Hong Kong facilitates the multiplication of bacteria.

The spokesman said, “The CFS collected 2,002 samples from market stalls, restaurants, food factories, fresh provision shops, online vendors, hawkers and premises in connection with intelligence, etc for tests.”

The samples comprised 180 samples of dairy products and frozen confections, 138 samples of cut fruit and salads, 97 samples of desserts and drinks, 54 samples of sandwiches, 251 samples of cooked meat products and 551 samples of other ready to eat foods. The CFS was notified of multiple food poisoning cases which involved consumption of raw oysters this summer and therefore enhanced the testing of aquatic products. A total of 731 samples of aquatic products such as sushi and sashimi, fish, crustaceans (such as shrimp and scampi), molluscs and other edible aquatic animals (such as oysters and venus clams) were collected for tests.

The spokesman said that 1,800 food samples were collected for microbiological tests, 132 samples for tests of metallic contaminants and 70 samples for tests of veterinary drug residues. Samples tested for microbiological tests and metallic contaminants were all satisfactory. As for the tests of veterinary drug residues, except for three samples (one for venus clam, one for clam and one for common oriental clam) in which chloramphenicol were found, the remaining samples were all satisfactory. The overall satisfactory rate was 99.85 per cent.

The CFS has announced the test results of the unsatisfactory samples and conducted follow-up actions, including instructing the concerned vendors to stop sales and remove the products from the shelves, tracing the source and informing the authority of the origin.

The spokesman pointed out that although unsatisfactory samples for microbiological tests were not found in the Summer Food Surveillance Programme 2021, bacteria grow faster in warmer environments in summer, and that the hot weather increases the risk of food poisoning caused by bacteria.

The spokesman reminded members of the public in particular that raw or undercooked foods are high-risk foods as there is not any, or inadequate, heat treatment to eliminate the microorganisms present that can pose risks to human health. Raw or undercooked foods are also associated with the risk of contracting antimicrobial resistance (AMR) microorganisms. Although these AMR microorganisms may not cause illnesses, they may transfer their antibiotic resistance genes to other bacteria inside the human body, therefore affecting the effectiveness of the future use of antibiotics when needed. Susceptible populations such as pregnant women, young children, the elderly and people with weakened immunity (i.e. people with chronic diseases or those on antibiotics treatment, antacid and long-term steroids or drugs given to prevent transplant rejection, etc) are of higher risk of being infected or having complications if they consume raw or undercooked foods due to their health status. They should therefore avoid eating raw and undercooked foods.

Members of the public should pay attention to food safety, especially in summer, and observe the following Five Keys to Food Safety in order to reduce the risk of foodborne diseases:

  • choose (choose safe raw materials);
  • clean (keep hands and utensils clean);
  • separate (separate raw and cooked food);
  • cook (cook thoroughly); and
  • safe temperature (keep food at a safe temperature).

Members of the public are also reminded to dine out in licensed and hygienic restaurants. Food premises selling sushi and sashimi or other high risk food require a special permit. The public should patronise only those with relevant licences or permits issued by the FEHD.

Ends/Tuesday, July 20, 2021

USA – FOOD SAFETY AND FARMER’S MARKETS

Click to access Food%20Safety%20and%20the%20Farmers%20Market.pdf

UK project gets funding to monitor foodborne pathogens and AMR

Food Safety News

A project in the United Kingdom has received funding for the surveillance of foodborne pathogens and antimicrobial resistance.

Pathogen Surveillance in Agriculture, Food and the Environment (PATH-SAFE) involves the Food Standards Agency (FSA); Food Standards Scotland (FSS); Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra); Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC); Public Health England (PHE); and the Environment Agency.

The aim is to establish the infrastructure and sampling frameworks needed to monitor the source and spread of foodborne pathogens and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes between the environment, animals, food and people.

Research – Characterisation of multidrug resistant Escherichia coli isolated from two commercial lettuce and spinach supply chains

Journal of Food Protection

ABSTRACT Leafy green vegetables have increasingly been reported as a reservoir of multidrug-resistant pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae; with Shiga toxin- producing Escherichia coli frequently implicated in disease outbreaks worldwide.  This study aimed to determine the presence and characteristics of antibiotic resistance, diarrheagenic virulence genes and phylogenetic groupings of E. coli isolates (n=51) from commercially produced lettuce and spinach from the farm, through processing and at the point of sale.  Multidrug resistance was observed in 33 of the 51 E. coli isolates (64.7%); with 35.7% (n=10/28) being generic and 100% (n=23/23) Extended Spectrum β-lactamase/AmpC- producing.  Resistance of E. coli isolates was observed against neomycin (100%; n=51/51), ampicillin (70.6%; n=36/51), amoxycilin (68.6%; n=35/51), tetracycline (45%; n=23/51), trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole (43%; n=22/51), chloramphenicol (25.5%; n=13/51), augmentin (11.8%; n=6/51) and gentamicin (7.8%; n=4/51); with 100% (n=51/51) susceptibility to imipenem. Virulence gene eae was detected in two E. coli isolates from irrigation water sources only, while none of the other virulence genes tested for were detected.   Most of the E. coli strains belonged to phylogenetic group B2 (25.5%; n=13), B1 (19.6%; n=10) and A (17.6%; n=9); with D (5.9%; n=3) less distributed. Although diarrheagenic E. coli were not detected, antibiotic resistance in E. coli prevalent in the supply chain was evident. Additionally, a clear link between E. coli isolates from irrigation water sources and leafy green vegetables through DNA fingerprinting was established which indicates the potential transfer of E. coli from irrigation water to minimally processed leafy green vegetables.

Research – Multidrug resistant and ESBL producing Salmonella enterica serotype Heidelberg is widespread in a poultry processing facility from Southern Brazil

Journal of Food Protection

This study aimed to characterize the Salmonella spp. distribution in a poultry processing facility, and to identify their antibiotic resistance profiles. S. enterica was detected in 146 samples (66.7%), and 125 isolates were identified as S. Heidelberg (n = 123), S. Abony (n = 1) and S. O:4,5 (n = 1). S. Heidelberg isolates were subjected to XbaI macrorestriction and PFGE, resulting in 66 pulsotypes grouped in 4 major clusters and demonstrating the cross contamination and persistence of this serotype in the processing facility. Also, S. enterica selected isolates were subjected to antibiotic resistance characterization, with most being categorized as multidrug resistant (n = 122, 97.6%). The resistance to third generation cephalosporins was particularly high: ceftazidime (n = 84, 67.2%) and cefotaxime and ceftriaxone (n = 91, 72.8%). Production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) was identified in 24 isolates (19.2%) and ESBL-producing isolates were resistant to at least eight different antibiotics. The study highlighted the occurrence and the distribution of S. Heidelberg in the poultry chain, allowing proper understanding of the ecology of this pathogen in the studied facility. Also, the presence of multidrug resistant S. enterica at high frequencies is a concern due to the potential consequences for public health.