To investigate the possible contamination of raw flour and raw flour-based products, such as pancake/batter mixes, with Salmonella, generic Escherichia coli, and Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). Samples included flours available for sale in the UK over a period of four months (January to April 2020). The Bread and Flour regulations, 1998 state the permitted ingredients in flour and bread but it does not specify the regular monitoring of the microbiological quality of flour and flour-based products.

Samples of raw flour were collected by local authority sampling officers in accordance with current guidance on microbiological food sampling then transported to the laboratory for examination. Microbiological testing was performed to detect Salmonella spp., generic E. coli, and STEC characterized for the presence of STEC virulence genes: stx1, stx2, and subtypes, eae, ipah, aggR, lt, sth, and stp, using molecular methods Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Of the 882 flours sampled, the incidence of Salmonella was 0.1% (a single positive sample that contained multiple ingredients such as flour, dried egg, and dried milk, milled in the UK), and 68 samples (7.7%) contained generic E. coli at a level of >20 CFU/g. Molecular characterization of flour samples revealed the presence of the Shiga-toxin (stx) gene in 10 samples (5 imported and 5 from the UK) (1.1%), from which STEC was isolated from 7 samples (0.8%). Salmonella and STEC isolates were sequenced to provide further characterization of genotypes and to compare to sequences of human clinical isolates held in the UKHSA archive. Using our interpretive criteria based on genetic similarity, none of the STEC flour isolates correlated with previously observed human cases, while the singular Salmonella serotype Newport isolate from the mixed ingredient product was similar to a human case in 2019, from the UK, of S. Newport. Although there have been no reported human cases of STEC matching the isolates from these flour samples, some of the same serotypes and stx subtypes detected are known to have caused illness in other contexts.

Results indicate that while the incidence was low, there is a potential for the presence of Salmonella and STEC in flour, and a genetic link was demonstrated between a Salmonella isolate from a flour-based product and a human case of salmonellosis.