Category Archives: Virus

France – Hundreds ill in France after eating contaminated raw shellfish – Noroviurs?

Food Safety News

More than 650 people have fallen ill in France this past month after eating contaminated raw shellfish.

Since the start of December 2019, Santé publique France has received 123 reports of collective food poisoning suspected to be linked to consumption of raw shellfish, mainly oysters.

The majority, 87 of the 123 alerts, occurred from Dec. 23, 2019, and forward. A peak of illnesses hit from December 25 to 27.

A total of 668 people were sick and 17 needed hospital treatment. Most are more than 15 years old. Of the 415 patients with age information available, 15 were younger than 15.

Much higher than recent years
Symptoms, mainly diarrhea and vomiting, as well as incubation times, are consistent with norovirus or other enteric virus infections. Stool tests have confirmed the presence of these viruses. Symptoms of norovirus appear one to two days after being infected and typically last for two or three days.

USA – Death by Norovirus tied to Puritan Backroom in New Hampshire

Food Poison Journal

The New Hampshire Office of the Chief Medical Examiner (OCME) has determined that norovirus was a contributing cause of death in the person who passed away after attending an event at the Puritan Backroom in Manchester, New Hampshire, on November 24, 2019. The OCME completed its final report today after conducting an autopsy last month.

Research – Infectivity of Norovirus GI and GII from Bottled Mineral Water during a Waterborne Outbreak, Spain

CDC

Abstract

During a waterborne outbreak of norovirus in Spain, we estimated 50% illness doses for a group of exposed (secretor) persons to be 556 (95% CI 319–957) genome copies/day for norovirus GI and 2,934 (95% CI 1,683–5,044) genome copies/day for norovirus GII. Use of a propidium monoazide viability assay reduced these values.

Research – Evaluation of Inactivation of Murine Norovirus in Inoculated Shell Oysters by High Hydrostatic Pressure Treatment

Journal of Food Protection

ABSTRACT

One of the major foods causing norovirus gastroenteritis is bivalve shellfish, such as oysters. Depuration and relaying methods have been used to control norovirus. However, these methods may be inadequate to control norovirus gastroenteritis. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment in controlling norovirus in shelled oysters, by evaluating the inactivating effect of HHP on murine norovirus strain 1 (MNV-1) inoculated into a buffer, oyster homogenate, and shelled oysters. First, MNV-1 was inoculated (infectivity of 4.5 log PFU/mL) into the buffer and oyster homogenate, with a pH of 6.3 and salinity (NaCl) of 1.5%, mimicking the habitats of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). HHP treatment at 100, 200, 275, and 300 MPa for 2 and 5 min was conducted at an initial temperature of 0 or 5°C. The infectivity of MNV-1 in both the buffer and the oyster homogenate was lower when the initial temperature was 0°C. In the buffer, the infectivity of MNV-1 decreased to 1.8 log PFU/mL after HHP treatment (200 MPa for 5 min at 0°C), and the inactivating effect was higher in the buffer than in the oyster homogenate. MNV-1 was inoculated into shelled oysters (4.8 log PFU per oyster), and HHP treatment was done at 275, 300, and 350 MPa for 5 min at the initial temperature of 0°C. The infectivity of MNV-1 decreased to 2.8 log PFU per oyster after HHP treatment at 275 MPa for 5 min. The results indicate that the inactivating effect of HHP treatment varies, depending on the medium surrounding the viral particles. Inactivation was best in buffer, followed by oyster homogenate and shelled oysters. The data could inform the development of methods to control norovirus in oysters.

HIGHLIGHTS
  • HHP inactivation of MNV-1 was more pronounced at 0°C than at 5°C.

  • Inactivation differed, depending on the medium surrounding the virus.

  • HHP at 275 MPa for 5 min at 0°C inactivated MNV-1 inoculated in shucked oysters.

RASFF Alert – Norovirus – Chilled Pacific Oysters

RASFF-Logo

RASFF – norovirus (presence /2g) in chilled Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) from France in Italy

Research – Preventative care: Increasing Hepatitis A vaccinations among food service workers

Food Safety News 

Thesis: Over the past three years, there has been an ongoing outbreak of Hepatitis A in the United States although it is the only foodborne disease that has a vaccination. Mandating vaccinations to food service workers is essential to reduce the spread of Hepatitis A, especially since outbreaks involving food handlers are in the public eye. 

Background & Analysis: It is estimated that in the United States alone there are 48 million cases of foodborne illness annually. Out of these 48 million, 128,000 are hospitalized and 3,000 people die. The CDC recommends to the general public that the best way to prevent Hepatitis A is through vaccination, but not have explicitly stated that food service workers should be administered the vaccination. While food service workers are not traditionally designated as having an increased risk of Hepatitis A transmission, they are not free from risk. Additionally, 24% of Hepatitis A cases are asymptomatic which means a food-handler carrying the virus can unknowingly transmit the disease to a consumer. Historically, when an outbreak occurs local health departments start administering the vaccine for free or at a reduced cost. The funding from these vaccinations is through taxpayer dollars. 

USA -Outbreak Investigation of Hepatitis A Potentially Linked to Fresh Conventional Blackberries from Fresh Thyme Farmers Market and Woodman’s Market, Fall 2019

FDA

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), along with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and state and local partners, are investigating a multistate outbreak of hepatitis A illnesses in Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, and Wisconsin potentially linked to fresh, conventional (non-organic) blackberries from the grocery stores Fresh Thyme Farmers Market and Woodman’s Market.

On December 10, 2019, CDC updated their case counts to 18 illnesses, with the most recent illness onset date on November 15, 2019.

Based on the epidemiological information collected in the investigation thus far, ill patients reported consuming fresh, conventional blackberries bought in six states including Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, and Wisconsin. Case patients reported buying them from either Fresh Thyme Farmers Market or Woodman’s Market.

Currently, traceback information shows that the berries from Fresh Thyme Farmers Market came from a distribution center that ships fresh berries to Fresh Thyme Farmers Market stores in 11 states: IA, IL, IN, KY, MI, MO, MN, NE, OH, PA, and WI. As this investigation continues, the FDA will work with our federal and state partners to obtain additional information, including Woodman’s Market, during the traceback investigation and will update this advisory as more information becomes available.

Recommendation

The FDA is urging consumers to not eat any fresh, conventional blackberries if purchased between September 9 and September 30, 2019, from Fresh Thyme Farmers Market stores in the 11 states mentioned above or from Woodman’s Market located in Wisconsin and Illinois. People who purchased the fresh blackberries and then froze those berries for later consumption should not eat these berries. They should be thrown away.

If consumers purchased fresh, conventional blackberries from Fresh Thyme Farmers Market stores in the 11 states listed above or from Woodman’s Market located in Wisconsin and Illinois between September 9-30, ate those berries in the last two weeks, and have not been vaccinated for the hepatitis A virus (HAV), they should consult with their healthcare professional to determine whether post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is indicated. PEP is recommended for unvaccinated people who have been exposed to HAV in the last two weeks. Those with evidence of previous hepatitis A vaccination or previous hepatitis A infection do not require PEP.

Contact your healthcare provider if you think you may have become ill from eating these blackberries, or if you believe that you have eaten these berries in the last two weeks.

Case Counts

Total Illnesses: 18
Hospitalizations: 10
Deaths: 0
Last illness onset: November 15, 2019
States with Cases: IN, MI, MN, MO, NE, WI

USA -Dozens of norovirus-like cases linked to Brave Horse Tavern

Outbreak News Today

Food Borne Illness - Norovirus -CDC Photo

Image CDC

Public Health — Seattle & King County is reporting some 43 cases of a norovirus-like illness linked to a Seattle restaurant.

Officials say the outbreak is associated with Brave Horse Tavern on 310 Terry Ave N, in  Seattle. The patients experienced symptoms of vomiting, diarrhea, body aches, chills, and fever.

Health officials report:

Since November 27, 2019, 30 people from 5 meal parties reported becoming ill after consuming food and drinks from Brave Horse Tavern on November 23 and 24, 2019.

We identified at least 11 employees who experienced symptoms consistent with norovirus dating back to November 24, 2019. At least 2 employees had 2 total household members with symptoms dating back to November 20, 2019.

USA – Outbreak Investigation of Hepatitis A Potentially Linked to Fresh Conventional Blackberries from Fresh Thyme Farmers Market, Fall 2019

FDA

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), along with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and state and local partners, are investigating a multistate outbreak of hepatitis A illnesses in Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, and Wisconsin potentially linked to fresh conventional (non-organic) blackberries from the grocery store, Fresh Thyme Farmers Market.

On December 3, 2019, CDC updated their case counts to 16 illnesses, with the most recent illness onset date on November 15, 2019.

Based on the epidemiological information collected in the investigation thus far, ill patients reported consuming fresh conventional blackberries from Fresh Thyme Farmers Market stores in six states: Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, and Wisconsin.

However, traceback information to date shows that these berries came from a distribution center that ships fresh berries to Fresh Thyme Farmers Market stores in 11 states: IA, IL, IN, KY, MI, MO, MN, NE, OH, PA, and WI. As this investigation continues, the FDA will work with our federal and state partners to obtain additional information during the traceback investigation and will update this advisory as more information becomes available.

Recommendation
The FDA is urging consumers to not eat any fresh conventional blackberries if purchased between September 9 and September 30, 2019, from Fresh Thyme Farmers Market stores in the 11 states mentioned above. People who purchased the fresh blackberries and then froze those berries for later consumption should not eat these berries. They should be thrown away.

If consumers purchased fresh conventional blackberries from Fresh Thyme Farmers Market stores in the 11 states listed above between September 9-30, ate those berries in the last two weeks, and have not been vaccinated for the hepatitis A virus (HAV), they should consult with their healthcare professional to determine whether post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is indicated. PEP is recommended for unvaccinated people who have been exposed to HAV in the last two weeks. Those with evidence of previous hepatitis A vaccination or previous hepatitis A infection do not require PEP.

Contact your healthcare provider if you think you may have become ill from eating these blackberries, or if you believe that you have eaten these berries in the last two weeks.

Research -Gut microbes alter characteristics of norovirus infection

Science Daily

The highly contagious norovirus causes diarrhea and vomiting and is notorious for spreading rapidly through densely populated spaces, such as cruise ships, nursing homes, schools and day care centers. There are no treatments for this intestinal virus. A new study has shown that gut microbes can tamp down or boost the severity of norovirus infection based on where along the intestine the virus takes hold.