Category Archives: Uncategorized

Research – Moving from risk communication to food information communication and consumer engagement

NPJ Science of Food

Consumers in most developed countries have greater access to safer food than ever before, yet the issue of consumer perception on the safety of the food supply, the control infrastructure and existing and new process technologies is often not positive. A series of high profile food incidents, which have been ineffectively managed by both the regulators and the industry, and where there has been a failure to be open and transparent, have sensitised a proportion of consumers to scary stories about the food supply. There has been concomitant damage to consumer confidence in (i) the safety of food, (ii) the food industry’s commitment to producing safe food and (iii) the authorities’ ability to oversee the food chain. Threats to consumers’ health and their genuine concerns have to be addressed with effective risk management and the protection of public health has to be paramount. Dealing with incorrect fears and misperceptions of risk has also to be addressed but achieving this is very difficult. The competencies of social scientists are needed to assist in gaining insights into consumer perceptions of risk, consumer behaviour and the determinants of trust. Conventional risk communication will not succeed on its own and more innovative and creative communication strategies are needed to engage with consumers using all available media channels in an open and transparent way. The digital media affords the opportunity to revolutionise engagement with consumers on food safety and nutrition-related issues.

Research – Impact of egg sweating on Salmonella penetration

Poultry World Salmonella Eggs Food Poisoning Food Safety

Salmonella can be introduced into an egg through some 10,000 pores in the shell and entry could be facilitated by “egg sweating” or the formation of condensation on shell eggs, when they are moved from a cold to a warm environment with a minimum relative humidity.

Egg sweating occurs at many points during processing and transportation in the egg industry and Salmonella penetration into egg contents can increase when refrigerated eggs are moved to a warmer temperature. This occurs when eggs are tempered before wash, to minimise thermal cracks and before or after cold truck transportation if the ambient temperature and relative humidity permit.

Research – Innate antimicrobial immunity in the skin: A protective barrier against bacteria, viruses, and fungi

PLOS One

The epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, is a physical barrier against pathogens. However, breach of the skin barrier through wounding introduces a myriad of microbes to the site of injury. Upon disturbance of the epidermal barrier, the innate immune system and its effectors play a key role in protecting humans against cutaneous and systemic infection [1]. Major constituents of the innate immune system include phagocytic cells, such as macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells, as well as innate leukocytes, such as natural killer (NK) cells, mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils. In addition, epidermal keratinocytes act as active innate immune cells. In response to sensing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) expressed by microbes and host danger molecules, innate immune receptors present on keratinocytes become activated, causing release of inflammatory cytokines and host antimicrobial molecules [2, 3].

Recognition of pathogens

The first step of any immune response is recognition of potential pathogens. Germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize PAMPs present on microbes and damaged-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) on host cells (Fig 1) [4]. The four primary groups of human PRRs are toll-like receptors (TLRs), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 (RIG-I)-like helicase receptors (RLRs) and c-type lectin receptors (CLRs) [4]. Signaling through PRRs has long been known to be essential for activation of the innate immune response. For example, stimulation of TLR2 increases the immune response to pathogens and helps rescue the inflammatory response of immunosuppressed patients with sepsis [5]. Although PRRs are not as specific as immune effectors of the adaptive immune system, different PRRs have evolved to recognize different molecular patterns [6]. For example, TLR2, TLR6, and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) appear to play an important role in host defense against staphylococcal aureus, whereas TLRs 2, 3, 7, 8, and 9 have been found to be activated by many viruses, including members of the herpesviruses, papillomaviruses, and poxviruses [7, 8]. CLRs and TLRs 2, 4, and 9 are thought to be primary receptors involved in recognition of fungal pathogens such as Candida albicans, and there are reports of specific PRR deficiencies in patients with chronic mucocutaneous infections [9, 10].

Research – Effect of surrounding vegetation on microbial survival or die‐off on watermelon surface in an agriculture setting

Wiley Online Library

Abstract

Preharvest contamination of produce with food borne pathogens has been a major food safety issue. In this study, we investigated the effect of surrounding vegetation on the survival of natural and inoculated generic Escherichia coli on watermelon rinds in an agricultural field setting. There was no significant difference (p > .05) on the populations of natural generic E. coli (1–1.46 log Most Probable Number (MPN)/sample) and coliforms (<3.99 log CFU/cm2) on watermelons harvested from low, medium, and high levels of vegetation. However, the survival rate of generic E. coli inoculated on watermelon rind discs was variable with the level of vegetation. A significant reduction in generic E. coli count was observed within 12 hr at all vegetation levels. After 108 hr, discs placed at low vegetation level had a highest die‐off reduction (3 log Colony Forming Units (CFU)/cm2) compared to medium and high vegetation levels.

Practical applications

To ensure preharvest produce safety, the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) produce safety rule has suggested a time interval between last irrigation and harvest for potentially contaminating microorganisms to die‐off. However, a knowledge gap exists regarding the influence of surrounding vegetation on microbial die‐off rates on produce in the agricultural field. The findings of this study emphasize the importance of considering the surrounding vegetation while making decisions for developing preharvest risk management strategies based on microbial die‐off rate calculations.

Research – Capacity to adhere to and invade human epithelial cells, as related to the presence of virulence genes in, motility of, and biofilm formation of Campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from chicken and cattle

NRC Research Press

Campylobacter jejuni is a zoonotic pathogen transmitted through the “farm to fork” route. Outbreaks are generally associated with the consumption of chicken meat; however, dairy cows, birds, wild and domestic food animals, and pets are other important sources. Currently, there are not enough data comparing the virulence of strains isolated from these reservoirs. In this study, we compared C. jejuni strains isolated from broiler chickens and dairy cattle by determining their ability to adhere to and invade in vitro human colonic epithelial cells in the T84 cell line with their motility, formation of biofilms, and presence of eight virulence genes. A Wilcoxon Rank Sum test was performed to establish the relationship between presence of the studied genes and cellular invasion and adhesion, as well as differences between the animal species of origin of the isolate. A Spearman correlation was performed to assess the relationship between invasion and motility, along with invasion and biofilm generation. The virB11 gene was positively associated with the adherence capacity of the strains (mean difference = 0.21, p = 0.006), and strains isolated from chickens showed a significant difference for adherence compared with strains isolated from cattle (p = 0.0001). Our results indicate that strains of C. jejuni have a difference in their adherence capacity depending on the animal reservoir from which they came, with chicken isolates displaying higher virulence than dairy cattle isolates.

Research – Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes growth on vacuum packaged rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with carvacrol and eugenol

Wiley Online Library

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of carvacrol and eugenol, separately and in combination, on survival of Listeria monocytogenes, and sensory and microbiological characteristics in vacuum packaged Oncorhynchus mykiss during refrigerated storage (4 ± 1 °C) for 20 days. The control fish fillets were analyzed for microbial (total mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria and lactic acid bacteria) and sensory properties. Fish fillets treated with carvacrol, eugenol, and their combination displayed populations of L. monocytogenes significantly lower, by 1.35–2.84 log cfu/g, than the control fillets during the whole storage period. No significant differences between groups of fish fillets with different active compound(s) added were noted except at the end of the storage, when the number of L. monocytogenes was significantly lower in the fish fillets with eugenol added. Sensory analysis showed that fish fillets with eugenol added were the most acceptable to trained panelists.

Practical applications

Taking into account the increasing need for the production of safe fish and fish products and the fact that carvacrol and eugenol, which exhibited significant antilisterial effect, are generally recognized as safe they can find its practical application in fish industry. Furthermore, as these substances are major constituents of numerous essential oils they can be considered as natural preservatives and used in the organic production as a substitute with synthetic additives which can cause adverse effects.

Research -Enterotoxigenic structures of Bacillus cereus strains isolated from ice creams

Wiley Online Library

Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the presence of Bacillus cereus in ice cream samples and to identify associated toxin genes by mPCR. 125 ice cream samples were used as material. A total of 38 samples were found to be positive for B. cereus. It was found that 31.9% of the isolates had three enterotoxic HBL complex encoding genes, 10.6% had two hbl genes and 6.3% contained one hbl gene. On the other hand, 15.9% of the isolates contained three NHE complex encoding genes, 31.9% had two nhe genes and 20.2% contained one nhe gene. Also 7.4% of isolates were found to contain both NHE and HBL complexes while ctyK1 was not detected from any isolate. The presence of B. cereus and their enterotoxigenic genes in ice creams may be a potential risk for public health.

Practical applications

The presence of the B.cereus in high numbers and the toxins in foods pose a potential risk in terms of health and food spoilage. In food poisoning cases, hbl, nhe, cytK, and the effect of emetic toxin are especially notable. The resistance of spores against pasteurization and psychrotolerant feature enable the explanation of the existence of B. cereus in ice‐cream.

Sri Lanka – 15 hospitalised due to food poisoning

News First

COLOMBO (News 1st) – 15 employees of a garment factory in Minuwangoda have been hospitalized due to food poisoning.

A spokesperson at the Minuwangoda hospital confirmed that the employees were admitted to hospital at around 5.30 this morning (December 09).

The admitted patients have been reported to have symptoms of vomiting, dizziness and diarrhoea

USA – CDC Warns Against Eating Raw Dough

Food Poisoning Bulletin

Warnings against eating raw dough have been issued by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The holiday season is when most people bake sweets, and eating raw dough and batter is a fun thing to do. But it can make you very sick. People also often make doughs for crafts, such as making Christmas ornaments. Never use raw flour for those projects.

There’s a special warning, too, about the Salmonella outbreak that is linked to Duncan Hines cake mixes. Check your pantry to see if you have any of these recalled cake mixes. If you do, throw them away.

The problem ingredients in cookie doughs and cake batters are eggs and flour. Eggs are often contaminated with Salmonella bacteria. And flour has been linked to E. coli outbreaks in the past.

Flour is a raw agricultural product, which means that it isn’t treated to kill pathogens. Bacteria can contaminate grains in the field, during harvest, during transport, and during processing. People don’t usually think of flour as being a risk for food poisoning, but it is.

So, do not taste or eat any raw dough or batter. This applies whether you are making biscuits, pie crust, cookies, cakes, or craft doughs. Never let children play with or eat raw doughs.

Always follow the baking directions when you are making cookies and cakes. And refrigerate any doughs or batters that contain raw flour or eggs.

Canada – Updated Food Recall Warning – Canada Herb brand culantro (Ngò Gai) recalled due to Salmonella

CFIA kswfoodworld Salmonella

Recall details

Ottawa, December 10, 2018 – The food recall warning issued on November 9, 2018 has been updated to include additional product information. This additional information was identified during the Canadian Food Inspection Agency’s (CFIA) food safety investigation.

Canada Herb is recalling Canada Herb brand culantro (Ngò Gai) from the marketplace due to possible Salmonella contamination. Consumers should not consume the recalled product described below.

Recalled products

Brand Name Common Name Size Code(s) on Product UPC
Canada Herb Culantro (Ngò Gai) Variable weight None – all packages sold up to and including December 10, 2018 None