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Frozen foods do not support the growth of Listeria monocytogenes (LM) and should be handled appropriately for safety. However, consumer trends regarding preparation of some frozen foods may contribute to the risk of foodborne listeriosis, specifically when cooking instructions are not followed and frozen products are instead added directly to smoothies or salads. A quantitative microbial risk assessment model FFLLoRA (Frozen Food Listeria Lot Risk Assessment) was developed to assess the lot-level listeriosis risk due to LM contamination in frozen vegetables consumed as a ready-to-eat food. The model was designed to estimate listeriosis risk per serving and the number of illnesses per production lot of frozen vegetables contaminated with LM, considering individual facility factors such as lot size, prevalence of LM contamination, and consumer handling prior to consumption. A production lot of 1 million packages with 10 servings each was assumed. When at least half of the servings were cooked prior to consumption, the median risk of invasive listeriosis per serving in both the general and susceptible population was <1.0 × 10⁻¹⁶ with the median (5th, 95th percentiles) predicted number of illnesses per lot as 0 (0, 0) and 0 (0, 1) under the exponential and Weibull-gamma dose-response functions, respectively. In scenarios in which all servings are consumed as ready-to-eat, the median predicted risk per serving was 1.8 × 10⁻¹³ and 7.8 × 10⁻¹² in the general and susceptible populations, respectively. The median (5th, 95th percentile) number of illnesses was 0 (0, 0) and 0 (0, 6) for the exponential and Weibull-Gamma models, respectively. Classification tree analysis highlighted initial concentration of LM in the lot, temperature at which the product is thawed, and whether a serving is cooked as main predictors for illness from a lot. Overall, the FFLLoRA provides frozen food manufacturers with a tool to assess LM contamination and consumer behavior when managing rare and/or minimal contamination events in frozen foods.

• A tool for frozen food manufacturers to assess listeriosis risk was developed.

• Scenarios of low-level L. monocytogenes in frozen vegetables did not typically result in illness.

• Listeriosis cases depended on model inputs related to consumer handling and initial concentration.

• Scenarios of more testing increased the probability of finding a contaminated lot and reduced risk.