Category Archives: Histamine

Research – Survival and Histamine Production by Histamine-Forming Bacteria Exposed to Low Doses of Gamma Irradiation

JFP

ABSTRACT

Histamine poisoning occurs when fish containing high amount of histamine are consumed. Because histamine is thermally stable, control of histamine-forming bacteria in seafood is an appropriate strategy for preventing the formation of histamine. One prevention method is the use of gamma irradiation on the histamine formers. To understand the effect of gamma irradiation on the histamine-forming bacteria, laboratory isolates of the prolific histamine formers Morganella morganii, Klebsiella variicola, and Proteus vulgaris were exposed to various doses of gamma radiation in nutrient broth and tuna muscle spiked with histamine formers. None of the test bacteria survived in tuna muscle irradiated at 2.0 kGy. K. variicola was highly sensitive to gamma irradiation and was eliminated at a dose of 1.5 kGy. Histamine production also was reduced significantly as the radiation dose increased. These results suggest that gamma irradiation can effectively eliminate histamine-forming bacteria and reduce the threat of histamine poisoning from seafood.

HIGHLIGHTS
  • Histamine-forming bacteria are highly susceptible to low levels of gamma irradiation.
  • Prolific histamine formers in tuna meat were eliminated by irradiation at 2.0 kGy.
  • Irradiation at 1.5 kGy reduced the level of histamine formers in tuna meat by 4 to 5 log CFU.
  • Histamine formation in tuna meat can be controlled by low levels of gamma irradiation.

RASFF Alerts – Histamine – Yellowfin Tuna – Anchovies

RASFF-Logo

RASFF – histamine (1333.9 mg/kg – ppm) in thawed yellowfin tuna fillets from Spain, via Slovenia in Hungary

RASFF – histamine (387 mg/kg – ppm) in frozen yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) from India in Italy

RASFF – histamine (up to 196 mg/kg – ppm) in chilled anchovies (Engraulis encrasicolus) from Spain in Italy

Sweden – Histamine poisoning in Sweden linked to tuna from Vietnam

Food Safety News

Thirty people in Sweden fell ill with scombroid poisoning after eating tuna from Vietnam earlier this month.

The histamine poisoning foodborne outbreak was linked to frozen tuna loins from Vietnam, via the Netherlands.

Local authorities were responsible for the outbreak investigation and tracing of food batches. The Swedish Food Agency (Livsmedelsverket) is the national contact point for Europe’s Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF).

Mats Lindblad, from the Swedish Food Agency, said about 30 people were sick but no deaths were reported.

“Symptoms were typical for histamine poisoning and included swelling, hives, irregular heartbeat, nausea, diarrhea and vomiting,” he told Food Safety News.

RASFF Alert – Foodborne Outbreak – Histamine – Tuna Loins

RASFF-Logo

RASFF – foodborne outbreak (histamine poisoning) caused by frozen tuna loins from Vietnam, via the Netherlands in Sweden

Research – Survival and histamine production by histamine forming bacteria exposed to low doses of gamma irradiation

JFP

Histamine fish poisoning occurs when fish containing high amount of histamine are consumed. Since histamine is thermally stable, control of histamine forming bacteria in seafood is a good strategy to prevent the formation of histamine. One of the potential ways to do this is to apply gamma radiation on the histamine formers. In order to understand the effect of gamma radiation on the histamine forming bacteria, laboratory isolates of prolific histamine forming bacteria namely Morganella morganii, Klebsiella variicola and Proteus vulgaris were exposed to different doses of gamma radiation in nutrient broth and in tuna muscle spiked with histamine formers. None of the test bacteria survived in tuna muscle radiated at 2.0 kGy. Among the selected histamine formers, Klebsiella variicola was highly sensitive to gamma radiation and was eliminated at a dose of 1.5 kGy. Histamine production levels were also reduced as radiation dose increased. These results suggest that gamma irradiation can effectively eliminate histamine forming bacteria and the threat of histamine poisoning in seafood.

Canada-Updated Food Recall Warning – Certain O/W Ahi Tuna products recalled due to histamine

Canada Gov

Recall details

Ottawa, March 6, 2020 – The food recall warning issued on February 28, 2020 has been updated to include additional distribution and product information. This additional information was identified during the Canadian Food Inspection Agency’s (CFIA) food safety investigation.

Save-On-Foods is recalling certain O/W Ahi Tuna products from the marketplace due to elevated levels of histamine. Consumers should not consume the recalled products described below.

Recalled products

Brand Product Size UPC Codes Additional Information
Pricesmart O/W Ahi Tuna Variable Starts with 226248 All units sold from September 18, 2019 to November 6, 2019, inclusive Sold at Pricesmart stores in British Columbia
Save on Foods O/W Ahi Tuna Variable Starts with 226248 All units sold from November 7, 2019 to February 28, 2020, inclusive Sold at Pricesmart stores in British Columbia
Urban Fare O/W Ahi Tuna Variable Starts with 226248 All units sold from September 18, 2019 to February 28, 2020, inclusive Sold at Urban Fare stores in Alberta and British Columbia

What you should do

If you think you became sick from consuming a recalled product, call your doctor.

Check to see if you have the recalled products in your home. Recalled products should be thrown out or returned to the store where they were purchased.

Food contaminated with high levels of histamine may not look or smell spoiled but can still make you sick. Histamines are not destroyed by cooking. High levels of histamine in fish can cause an allergic-type reaction known as scombroid poisoning. Symptoms can include burning throat, diarrhea, dizziness, facial swelling, headache, vomiting and peppery taste in mouth.

Background

This recall was triggered by consumer complaints. The CFIA is conducting a food safety investigation, which may lead to the recall of other products. If other high-risk products are recalled, the CFIA will notify the public through updated Food Recall Warnings.

The CFIA is verifying that industry is removing the recalled products from the marketplace.

Illnesses

There have been no reported reactions associated with the consumption of these products. However, there were reported reactions associated with the products included in the Food Recall Warning on February 25, 2020.

Product photos

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  • Pricesmart: O/W Ahi Tuna - Variable
  • Save on Foods: O/W Ahi Tuna - Variable
  • Urban Fare: O/W Ahi Tuna - Variable

Canada – Updated Food Recall Warning – Various tuna products recalled due to histamine

Canada Gov

Recall details

Ottawa, February 28, 2020 – The food recall warning issued on February 25, 2020 has been updated to include additional distribution and product information. This additional information was identified during the Canadian Food Inspection Agency’s (CFIA) food safety investigation.

Industry is recalling various tuna products from the marketplace due to elevated levels of histamine. Consumers should not consume the recalled products described below.

Recalled products

Brand Product Size UPC Codes Additional Information
Choices Markets Ahi Tuna Loin Steak Sashimi Grade – Previously Frozen Variable Starts with 0 245345 All units sold from October 9, 2019 up to and including October 23, 2019 Sold at Choices Market, 8683 10th Ave., Burnaby, BC
Choices Markets Ahi Tuna Loin Steak Sashimi Grade – Previously Frozen Variable Starts with 0 245345 All units sold from October 10, 2019 up to and including October 12, 2019 Sold at Choices Market, 3493 Cambie St., Vancouver, BC
Choices Markets Ahi Tuna Loin Steak Sashimi Grade – Previously Frozen Variable Starts with 0 245345 All units sold from October 26, 2019 up to and including November 9, 2019 Sold at Choices Market, 1888 West 57th Ave., Vancouver, BC
Choices Markets Ahi Tuna Loin Steak Frozen – Ocean Wise Variable Starts with 0 245516 All units sold from October 9, 2019 up to and including October 23, 2019 Sold at Choices Market, 8683 – 10th Ave., Burnaby, BC
Choices Markets Ahi Tuna Loin Steak Frozen – Ocean Wise Variable Starts with 0 245516 All units sold from October 10, 2019 up to and including October 12, 2019 Sold at Choices Market, 3493 Cambie St., Vancouver, BC
Choices Markets Ahi Tuna Loin Steak Frozen – Ocean Wise Variable Starts with 0 245516 All units sold from October 26, 2019 up to and including November 9, 2019 Sold at Choices Market, 1888 West 57th Ave., Vancouver, BC
IGA Ahi Tuna – Previously Frozen Variable Starts with 200840 All units sold from November 6, 2019 up to and including December 6, 2019 Sold at IGA, 1940 Kane Rd., Kelowna, BC
IGA Ahi Tuna – Previously Frozen Variable Starts with 200840 All units sold from September 28, 2019 up to and including December 17, 2019 Sold at IGA, 2286 West Broadway, Vancouver, BC
IGA Ahi Tuna – Previously Frozen Variable Starts with 200840 All units sold from November 26, 2019 up to and including January 13, 2020 Sold at IGA, 12887 Madeira Park Road, Madeira Park, BC
Save on Foods O/W Ahi Tuna Variable Starts with 226248 All units sold from September 18, 2019 up to and including February 28, 2020 Sold at Save on Foods locations in AB, BC, MB, SK, and YT

What you should do

If you think you became sick from consuming a recalled product, call your doctor.

Check to see if you have the recalled products in your home. Recalled products should be thrown out or returned to the store where they were purchased.

Food contaminated with high levels of histamine may not look or smell spoiled but can still make you sick. Histamines are not destroyed by cooking. High levels of histamine in fish can cause an allergic-type reaction known as scombroid poisoning. Symptoms can include burning throat, diarrhea, dizziness, facial swelling, headache, vomiting and peppery taste in mouth.

Background

This recall was triggered by consumer complaints. The CFIA is conducting a food safety investigation, which may lead to the recall of other products. If other high-risk products are recalled, the CFIA will notify the public through updated Food Recall Warnings.

The CFIA is verifying that industry is removing the recalled products from the marketplace.

Illnesses

There have been no reported reactions associated with the consumption of these products. However, there were reported reactions associated with the products included in the Food Recall Warning on February 25, 2020.

Product photos

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  • Choices Markets - Ahi Tuna Loin Steak Sashimi Grade – Previously Frozen
  • Choices Markets - Ahi Tuna Loin Steak Frozen – Ocean Wise
  • IGA - Ahi Tuna – Previously Frozen
  • Save on Foods - O/W Ahi Tuna

RASFF Alert – Food Poisoning Suspected (scombroid syndrome) – Frozen Red Tuna Loins (Thunnus albacares)

RASFF-Logo

RASFF – food poisoning suspected (scombroid syndrome) to be caused by frozen red tuna loins (Thunnus albacares) from Vietnam, via the Netherlands in Italy

Canada – Unomundo brand tuna loins and steaks recalled due to histamine

Canada Gov

Recall details

Ottawa, February 25, 2020 – Seven Seas Limited is recalling Unomundo brand tuna loins and steaks from the marketplace due to elevated levels of histamine. Consumers should not consume and retailers, restaurants and institutions should not sell or use the recalled products described below.

Recalled product

Brand Product Size UPC Codes Additional Information
Unomundo Tuna loin Variable None Lot # 59831 (the lot code appears only on the master case) This product may have been sold clerk-served from counters with or without a label or coding. Consumers who are unsure if they have purchased the affected product are advised to contact their retailer.
Unomundo Tuna steak Variable None Lot # 59831 (the lot code appears only on the master case) This product may have been sold clerk-served from counters with or without a label or coding. Consumers who are unsure if they have purchased the affected product are advised to contact their retailer.

What you should do

If you think you became sick from consuming a recalled product, call your doctor.

Check to see if you have the recalled products in your home or establishment. Recalled products should be thrown out or returned to the location where they were purchased.

Food contaminated with high levels of histamine may not look or smell spoiled but can still make you sick. Histamines are not destroyed by cooking. High levels of histamine in fish can cause an allergic-type reaction known as scombroid poisoning. Symptoms can include burning throat, diarrhea, dizziness, facial swelling, headache, vomiting and peppery taste in mouth.

Background

This recall was triggered by consumer complaints. The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) is conducting a food safety investigation, which may lead to the recall of other products. If other high-risk products are recalled, the CFIA will notify the public through updated Food Recall Warnings.

The CFIA is verifying that industry is removing the recalled products from the marketplace.

Illnesses

There has been reported reactions associated with the consumption of these products.

Product photos

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  • Unomundo - Tuna loin
  • Unomundo - Tuna loin in package

USA – Outbreak Investigation of Scombrotoxin Fish Poisoning: Yellowfin/Ahi Tuna (November 2019)

Outbreak appears to be over; yellowfin tuna imported from Truong Phu Xanh Co., LTD with production dates in 2019 should still be discarded, if found.

FDA

January 24, 2020

Recommendations

Yellowfin tuna from Truong Phu Xanh Co., LTD with a production date in 2019 should not be consumed because it may have the potential to cause scombrotoxin fish poisoning. Tuna from this supplier could have been sold thawed or frozen; and could have been sold as ground tuna meat, poke cubes, steaks, or loins; this product could still be within its shelf life.­­ Anyone who received tuna from this supplier should not sell, serve, or consume it and should discard it. If you purchased tuna from one of the importers listed below you should confirm that it was not tuna supplied by Truong Phu Xanh Co., LTD with a production date in 2019. The following companies imported tuna from Truong Phu Xanh Co., LTD:

  • Mical Seafood Inc. (Davie, FL)
  • Northern Fisheries LTD (Little Compton, RI)
  • Alfa International Seafood Inc. (Medley, FL)
  • Aquabest Seafood LLC (Miami, FL)
  • Gamma Seafood Corporation (Medley, FL)
  • J. DeLuca Fish Company, Inc. (San Pedro, CA)
  • Sym-Pac International Inc. (Corona, CA)
  • Worldwide Seafood Products LLC (Perth Amboy, NJ)

Scombrotoxin fish poisoning occurs when fish is not properly chilled or preserved and begins to spoil, resulting in increased histamine levels. Histamine cannot be destroyed by freezing or cooking.

Importers, Suppliers, and Distributors:

Importers, suppliers, and distributors should not use and should discard or destroy any yellowfin tuna imported from Truong Phu Xanh Co., LTD with a production date in 2019.

Restaurants and Retailers:

Restaurants and retailers should contact their suppliers to confirm the source of their yellowfin tuna because not all product was distributed in packaging that identifies Truong Phu Xanh Co., LTD. Yellowfin tuna imported from this company with a production date in 2019 should not be used, served, repacked, or sold; and should be discarded.

Consumers:

While restaurants and retailers should have removed yellowfin tuna with a production date in 2019 from the Vietnamese supplier Truong Phu Xanh Co., LTD, consumers should ask if the yellowfin tuna being served or sold was imported from the Vietnamese supplier Truong Phu Xanh Co., LTD and has a production date in 2019.

Update January 24, 2020

This outbreak appears to be over. The last reported illness for this outbreak was on November 24, 2019. Yellowfin tuna from Truong Phu Xanh Co., LTD with a production date in 2019 should still not be consumed. At this time, Truong Phu Xanh Co., LTD has not shipped product in 2020 and remains on Import Alert, which provides information to FDA field staff that they may detain the firm’s yellowfin tuna without physical examination. Detained product will not enter the United States unless the importer proves that it meets U.S. food safety standards.

When the firm initially declined to recall, the FDA issued public warnings for importers, suppliers, distributors, and consumers. After the FDA public warning, the company recalled some of the product. FDA evaluated the effectiveness of the recalls and determined that the recalls may have not effectively removed all potentially harmful products from the market, so on December 26, 2019, the FDA released a list of importers of Truong Phu Xanh Co., LTD tuna to help suppliers and distributors to identify product. FDA further worked with companies throughout the supply chain to facilitate recalls; and was able to ensure that all importers with tuna still available initiated recalls.

In addition, the FDA notified the Vietnamese government after learning that some tuna products had been returned to Truong Phu Xanh Co., LTD in Vietnam. In response, the Vietnamese government issued an official letter to all relevant Vietnamese agencies instructing them to monitor and detain shipments of Truong Phu Xanh Co., LTD tuna upon arrival at ports in Vietnam. This action was taken to prevent the use of this product in Vietnam and its re-export to other countries, including the U.S.