Antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter is on the rise, according to a new study appearing in the July 7 edition of Emerging Infectious Disease. Researchers from the National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India, where Campylobacter rates remain steady throughout the year, tested 142 samples and found that all of them were resistant to trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, (Septra, Bactrim) and 97 percent were resistant to quinolone (nalidixic acid) and fluoroquinolones (norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and ofloxacin). and erythromycin, azithromycin, gentamicin, furazolidone, and chloramphenicol. Multi-drug resistance was also high.
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One way to prevent campylobacteriosis is by having a series of infection control measures on all stages of food processing. A report from CDC points out that, “Universal pasteurization of milk and proper treatment of all drinking water might prevent 80 percent of the U.S. outbreaks due to Campylobacter” (15). The report shows that sanitation and avoidance of eating raw foods could minimize the chance of Campylobacter infections (16). On the other hand, the Food Safety and Inspection Service of the United States had enforced “a combination of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points of microbial testing, pathogen reduction performance standards, and sanitation operation” from agricultural production to processing of foods since 1998. FSIS also has a safe food handing education program to teach people how to prevent and reduce Campylobacter infections (17). However, a study from the University of Maryland had randomly made 719 samples of retail raw meats from Washington D.C area to test for campylobacter. The study found out that “70.7% of chicken sample” and “14% of turkey samples yielded Campylobacter”. The study suggests that a more hazard analysis of critical control point and safety education have to be implemented to effectively prevent Campylobacter (22).
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During the course of the series, he discovers he’s part African-American and contains been recognized to have Spanish, Mexican, Scottish and German ancestors. Make sure they watch the replays maybe once or twice, so they can hold the magnitude of what just took place.